Several personality characteristics have been linked in multiple well-designed prospective studies to subsequent physical health outcomes, such as longevity and the development and course of cardiovascular disease. The evidence is strongest for negative affectivity/neuroticism, anger/hostility and related traits, and optimism. Models of mechanisms underlying these associations have emphasized physiological effects of stress, exposure to stressors, and health behavior. Preliminary evidence supports the viability of some mechanisms, but formal mediational tests are lacking. In addition to addressing limitations and inconsistencies in this literature, future research should address developmental aspects of these psychosocial risk factors, contextual moderators of their health effects, and intervention applications in the prevention and management of disease. In these efforts, greater incorporation of concepts and methods in the structural, social-cognitive, and interpersonal perspectives in the field of personality are needed.

中文翻译：

---

人格和身体疾病的风险。

在多项精心设计的前瞻性研究中，一些人格特征已与随后的身体健康状况相关联，例如寿命，心血管疾病的发展和进程。负面情感/神经病，愤怒/敌对情绪和相关特征以及乐观情绪的证据最充分。这些关联的潜在机制模型强调了压力的生理影响，暴露于压力源和健康行为。初步证据支持某些机制的可行性，但缺乏正式的中介测试。除了解决文献中的局限性和矛盾之处，未来的研究还应解决这些社会心理风险因素的发展方面，其健康影响的情境调节因素，以及在疾病预防和管理中的干预应用。在这些努力中，需要将概念和方法更多地纳入人格领域的结构，社会认知和人际关系中。