Edible and seminal gifts that male arthropods transfer to their mates range from important material donations to items that provide little direct benefit. Recent reviews and research have emphasized the negative effect of gifts on female fitness, suggesting that male donations reduce the female's remating rate below her optimum or even that nuptial feeding is a net detriment to her fitness. However, comparative, experimental, and natural history evidence reveal that most edible gifts of prey or glandular products provide direct benefits to females. Gifts clearly supply nutrients when females compete for them or increase mating rates when food from other sources is limited. I point out the difficulties in determining that female remating rates are suboptimal and suggest several alternative hypotheses for the apparently low female mating rates in some gift-giving species. With regard to seminal contributions (absorbed from the ejaculate), I discuss how to separate hormonal (potentially manipulative) and material-benefit effects of male secretions on females.

中文翻译：

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关于昆虫的天赋的性冲突。

男性节肢动物转移给其伴侣的食用和开创性礼物，从重要的物质捐赠到几乎没有直接收益的物品不等。最近的评论和研究强调了礼物对女性健康的负面影响，表明男性捐赠将女性的再婚率降低到了她的最佳水平以下，甚至婚后喂养对她的健康构成了净损害。但是，比较，实验和自然历史证据表明，大多数可食用的猎物或腺制品都可以为雌性直接带来好处。当雌性争夺礼物时，礼物显然会提供营养，而当其​​他来源的食物受到限制时，礼物会增加交配率。我指出了确定雌性交配率次优的困难，并针对某些送礼物种中明显较低的雌性交配率提出了一些替代假设。关于精液的贡献​​（从射精吸收），我讨论了如何区分男性分泌物对女性的荷尔蒙（可能是操纵性的）和物质收益的影响。