Eukaryotic DNA replication is regulated to ensure all chromosomes replicate once and only once per cell cycle. Replication begins at many origins scattered along each chromosome. Except for budding yeast, origins are not defined DNA sequences and probably are inherited by epigenetic mechanisms. Initiation at origins occurs throughout the S phase according to a temporal program that is important in regulating gene expression during development. Most replication proteins are conserved in evolution in eukaryotes and archaea, but not in bacteria. However, the mechanism of initiation is conserved and consists of origin recognition, assembly of prereplication (pre-RC) initiative complexes, helicase activation, and replisome loading. Cell cycle regulation by protein phosphorylation ensures that pre-RC assembly can only occur in G1 phase, whereas helicase activation and loading can only occur in S phase. Checkpoint regulation maintains high fidelity by stabilizing replication forks and preventing cell cycle progression during replication stress or damage.

中文翻译：

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DNA复制的细胞周期调节。

调节真核DNA复制以确保所有染色体每个细胞周期复制一次且仅复制一次。复制始于散布在每个染色体上的许多起点。除了发芽的酵母外，起源没有定义的DNA序列，可能是由表观遗传机制遗传的。根据对发育过程中基因表达的调控很重要的时间程序，起源于整个S期。大多数复制蛋白在真核生物和古细菌中进化过程中是保守的，但在细菌中却不保守。但是，启动机制是保守的，包括起点识别，复制前组装（pre-RC）起始复合物，解旋酶激活和复制体加载。通过蛋白质磷酸化进行的细胞周期调控可确保RC前组装只能在G1期进行，而解旋酶的激活和加载只能发生在S期。检查点调节通过稳定复制叉并防止复制压力或复制过程中的细胞周期进程来保持高保真度。