Eukaryotic genomes contain vast amounts of repetitive DNA derived from transposable elements (TEs). Large-scale sequencing of these genomes has produced an unprecedented wealth of information about the origin, diversity, and genomic impact of what was once thought to be "junk DNA." This has also led to the identification of two new classes of DNA transposons, Helitrons and Polintons, as well as several new superfamilies and thousands of new families. TEs are evolutionary precursors of many genes, including RAG1, which plays a role in the vertebrate immune system. They are also the driving force in the evolution of epigenetic regulation and have a long-term impact on genomic stability and evolution. Remnants of TEs appear to be overrepresented in transcription regulatory modules and other regions conserved among distantly related species, which may have implications for our understanding of their impact on speciation.

中文翻译：

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复杂基因组中的重复序列：结构和进化。

真核生物基因组包含大量源自转座因子（TEs）的重复DNA。这些基因组的大规模测序已产生了前所未有的丰富信息，这些信息曾经被认为是“垃圾DNA”，涉及到其起源，多样性和基因组影响。这也导致鉴定了两种新的DNA转座子，Helitrons和Polintons，以及几个新的超家族和数千个新家族。TEs是许多基因的进化前体，包括RAG1，在脊椎动物的免疫系统中发挥作用。它们也是表观遗传调控进化的驱动力，对基因组稳定性和进化具有长期影响。TE的残基似乎在转录调节模块和其他远缘物种中保守的其他区域中占过多，