Forensic injury biomechanics is the science that relates mechanical forces to disruption of anatomical regions of the human body. In this review, we introduce (a) how scaling techniques can be used to describe injury severity and probability of death; (b) how a simple ratio, the factor of risk, and more sophisticated injury risk functions can be used to determine the probability of injury; and (c) how injury criteria (also known as tolerance limits) are defined for the head and neck. Methods for establishing injury causation are then illustrated by real-world examples drawn from litigation involving motor vehicle collisions and slips, trips and falls. Those factors that distinguish litigation from basic and applied research are also discussed, including the criteria for admissibility of expert opinions and the level of certainty used as the basis for these opinions. The criteria that must be met to support opinions on causation at both epidemiological and individual levels are also noted. If the expert appreciates the difference between the demands of ligation and those of basic and applied research, expert opinion can play a crucial role in the decision-making process that characterizes litigation. Because forensic injury biomechanics is central to opinions on injury causation, and because causation is often the key to determinations of who is at fault, forensic injury biomechanics can be the deciding factor in many personal injury, products and premises liability, wrongful death, and criminal cases.

中文翻译：

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法医伤害生物力学。

法医伤害生物力学是将机械力与人体解剖区域破坏相关的科学。在这篇评论中，我们介绍（a）如何使用缩放技术来描述伤害的严重程度和死亡的可能性；（b）如何使用简单比率，风险因素和更复杂的伤害风险函数来确定伤害的可能性；（c）如何定义头部和颈部的伤害标准（也称为公差极限）。然后，通过涉及涉及机动车碰撞和滑倒，绊倒和跌倒的诉讼的真实示例，说明建立伤害因果的方法。还讨论了将诉讼与基础研究和应用研究区分开来的那些因素，包括专家意见可采性的标准和确定这些意见的依据的确定性水平。还指出了在流行病学和个人层面上支持因果关系意见所必须满足的标准。如果专家理解结扎要求与基础研究和应用研究之间的差异，那么专家意见可以在表征诉讼的决策过程中发挥关键作用。因为法医伤害生物力学是伤害因果关系的中心观点，并且因果关系通常是确定谁是过失的关键，所以法医伤害生物力学可能是许多人身伤害，产品和房屋责任，不法死亡和刑事犯罪的决定因素。案件。还指出了在流行病学和个人层面上支持因果关系意见所必须满足的标准。如果专家理解结扎要求与基础研究和应用研究之间的差异，那么专家意见可以在表征诉讼的决策过程中发挥关键作用。因为法医伤害生物力学是伤害因果关系的中心观点，并且因果关系通常是确定谁是过失的关键，所以法医伤害生物力学可能是许多人身伤害，产品和房屋责任，不法死亡和刑事犯罪的决定因素。案件。还指出了在流行病学和个人层面上支持因果关系意见所必须满足的标准。如果专家理解结扎要求与基础研究和应用研究之间的差异，那么专家意见可以在表征诉讼的决策过程中发挥关键作用。因为法医伤害生物力学是伤害因果关系的中心观点，并且因果关系通常是确定谁是过失的关键，所以法医伤害生物力学可能是许多人身伤害，产品和房屋责任，不法死亡和刑事犯罪的决定因素。案件。专家意见可以在代表诉讼特征的决策过程中发挥关键作用。因为法医伤害生物力学是伤害因果关系的中心观点，并且因果关系通常是确定谁是过失的关键，所以法医伤害生物力学可能是许多人身伤害，产品和房屋责任，不法死亡和刑事犯罪的决定因素。案件。专家意见可以在代表诉讼特征的决策过程中发挥关键作用。因为法医伤害生物力学是伤害因果关系的中心观点，并且因果关系通常是确定谁是过失的关键，所以法医伤害生物力学可能是许多人身伤害，产品和房屋责任，不法死亡和刑事犯罪的决定因素。案件。