Amphetamine is a psychostimulant commonly used to treat several disorders, including attention deficit, narcolepsy, and obesity. Plasmalemmal and vesicular monoamine transporters, such as the neuronal dopamine transporter and the vesicular monoamine transporter-2, are two of its principal targets. This review focuses on new insights, obtained from both in vivo and in vitro studies, into the molecular mechanisms whereby amphetamine, and the closely related compounds methamphetamine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine, cause monoamine, and particularly dopamine, release. These mechanisms include amphetamine-induced exchange diffusion, reverse transport, and channel-like transport phenomena as well as the weak base properties of amphetamine. Additionally, amphetamine analogs may affect monoamine transporters through phosphorylation, transporter trafficking, and the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. All of these mechanisms have potential implications for both amphetamine- and methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity, as well as dopaminergic neurodegenerative diseases.

中文翻译：

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对苯丙胺作用机理的新见解。

苯丙胺是一种精神刺激药，通常用于治疗多种疾病，包括注意力不足，嗜睡症和肥胖症。血浆和囊泡单胺转运蛋白，例如神经元多巴胺转运蛋白和囊泡单胺转运蛋白2是其两个主要靶标。这篇综述的重点是从体内和体外研究中获得的新见解，它们涉及苯丙胺以及与之密切相关的甲基苯丙胺和亚甲基二氧基甲基苯丙胺释放单胺，尤其是多巴胺的分子机制。这些机制包括苯丙胺诱导的交换扩散，反向转运和类似通道的转运现象，以及苯丙胺的弱碱性。此外，苯丙胺类似物可能通过磷酸化影响单胺转运蛋白，转运运输，以及生产活性氧和氮物质。所有这些机制对苯丙胺和甲基苯丙胺诱导的神经毒性以及多巴胺能神经退行性疾病均具有潜在的影响。