Kidney failure and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with accelerated cardiovascular disease, apparently because of a high burden of traditional vascular risk factors and possibly nontraditional risk factors such as inflammation, chronic volume overload, and abnormal calcium-phosphate metabolism. Although the burden of cardiovascular disease in CKD patients is well documented, potentially beneficial therapies appear to be underused in mild to moderate CKD and are relatively understudied in those with kidney failure. This review describes the epidemiology and pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease in CKD. We also discuss the clinical and public health implications of current knowledge and outline opportunities for further research.

中文翻译：

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肾脏疾病和心血管风险。

肾脏衰竭和慢性肾脏疾病（CKD）与加速的心血管疾病有关，这显然是由于传统血管危险因素和炎症，慢性容量超负荷以及磷酸钙代谢异常等非传统危险因素负担重。尽管CKD患者的心血管疾病负担得到了充分证明，但潜在的有益疗法似乎在轻度至中度CKD中未得到充分利用，而在肾衰竭患者中则相对未被充分研究。这篇综述描述了CKD中心血管疾病的流行病学和病理生理学。我们还将讨论当前知识对临床和公共卫生的影响，并概述进一步研究的机会。