A feature of human cognition is the ability to monitor and adjust one's own behavior under changing circumstances. A dynamic balance between controlled and rapid responding is needed to adapt to a fluctuating environment. We suggest that cognitive control may include, among other things, two distinct processes. Incongruent stimuli may drive top-down facilitation of task-relevant responses to bias performance toward exploitation vs. exploration. Task or response switches may generally slow responses to bias toward accuracy vs. speed and exploration vs. exploitation. Behavioral results from a task switching study demonstrate these two distinct processes as revealed by higher-order sequential effects. A computational model implements the two conflict-control mechanisms, which allow it to capture many complex and novel sequential effects. Lesion studies with the model demonstrate that the model is unable to capture these effects without the conflict-control loops and show how each monitoring component modulates cognitive control. The results suggest numerous testable predictions regarding the neural substrates of cognitive control.

中文翻译：

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任务切换中分部冲突控制机制的计算模型

人类认知的一个特征是能够在不断变化的环境中监控和调整自己的行为。需要在受控和快速响应之间实现动态平衡以适应波动的环境。我们建议认知控制可能包括两个不同的过程。不一致的刺激可能会推动自上而下的任务相关反应，从而使绩效偏向于开发与探索。任务或响应切换通常可能会减缓对准确性与速度和探索与开发的偏见的反应。任务转换研究的行为结果证明了这两个不同的过程，正如高阶序列效应所揭示的那样。计算模型实现了两种冲突控制机制，这使其能够捕获许多复杂和新颖的顺序效应。使用该模型进行的病变研究表明，该模型无法在没有冲突控制循环的情况下捕获这些影响，并显示每个监控组件如何调节认知控制。结果表明，关于认知控制的神经基质有许多可测试的预测。