Plants often grow in soils that contain very low concentrations of the macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. To adapt and grow in nutrient-deprived environments plants must sense changes in external and internal mineral nutrient concentrations and adjust growth to match resource availability. The sensing and signal transduction networks that control plant responses to nutrient deprivation are not well characterized for nitrogen, potassium, and sulfur deprivation. One branch of the signal transduction cascade related to phosphorus-deprivation response has been defined through the identification of a transcription factor that is regulated by sumoylation. Two different microRNAs play roles in regulating gene expression under phosphorus and sulfur deprivation. Reactive oxygen species increase rapidly after mineral nutrient deprivation and may be one upstream mediator of nutrient signaling. A number of molecular analyses suggest that both short-term and longer-term responses will be important in understanding the progression of signaling events when the external, then internal, supplies of nutrients become depleted.

中文翻译：

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营养感知和信号传递：NPKS

植物通常生长在含有非常低浓度的常量营养素氮、磷、钾和硫的土壤中。为了在营养缺乏的环境中适应和生长，植物必须感知外部和内部矿物质营养浓度的变化，并调整生长以匹配资源可用性。控制植物对营养缺乏反应的传感和信号转导网络没有很好地表征氮、钾和硫的缺乏。与磷剥夺反应相关的信号转导级联的一个分支已通过鉴定受 sumoylation 调节的转录因子来定义。两种不同的 microRNA 在磷和硫缺乏条件下调节基因表达中发挥作用。矿物质营养缺乏后活性氧迅速增加，可能是营养信号的上游介质之一。许多分子分析表明，当外部和内部营养供应耗尽时，短期和长期反应对于理解信号事件的进展都很重要。