Chronic diseases carry important psychological and social consequences that demand significant psychological adjustment. The literature is providing increasingly nuanced conceptualizations of adjustment, demonstrating that the experience of chronic disease necessitates adaptation in multiple life domains. Heterogeneity in adjustment is apparent between individuals and across the course of the disease trajectory. Focusing on cancer, cardiovascular disease, and rheumatic diseases, we review longitudinal investigations of distal (socioeconomic variables, culture/ethnicity, and gender-related processes) and proximal (interpersonal relationships, personality attributes, cognitive appraisals, and coping processes) risk and protective factors for adjustment across time. We observe that the past decade has seen a surge in research that is longitudinal in design, involves adequately characterized samples of sufficient size, and includes statistical control for initial values on dependent variables. A progressively convincing characterization of risk and protective factors for favorable adjustment to chronic illness has emerged. We identify critical issues for future research.

中文翻译：

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健康心理学：对慢性病的心理适应。

慢性病具有重要的心理和社会后果，需要进行重大的心理调整。文献提供了越来越细致入微的调整概念，表明慢性病的经验需要在多个生活领域进行适应。在个体之间以及整个疾病轨迹过程中，调整的异质性是显而易见的。重点关注癌症，心血管疾病和风湿性疾病，我们回顾了对远端（社会经济变量，文化/民族和与性别相关的过程）和近端（人际关系，人格属性，认知评估和应对过程）风险和保护性的纵向调查跨时间调整的因素。我们观察到，在过去的十年中，研究的兴起是纵向的，涉及具有足够大小的充分表征的样本，并包括对因变量的初始值的统计控制。逐渐令人信服的风险特征和有利于慢性病调整的保护因素已经出现。我们为将来的研究确定了关键问题。