Traditionally, measurement of the acute toxicity of pesticides to beneficial arthropods has relied largely on the determination of an acute median lethal dose or concentration. However, the estimated lethal dose during acute toxicity tests may only be a partial measure of the deleterious effects. In addition to direct mortality induced by pesticides, their sublethal effects on arthropod physiology and behavior must be considered for a complete analysis of their impact. An increasing number of studies and methods related to the identification and characterization of these effects have been published in the past 15 years. Review of sublethal effects reported in published literature, taking into account recent data, has revealed new insights into the sublethal effects of pesticides including effects on learning performance, behavior, and neurophysiology. We characterize the different types of sublethal effects on beneficial arthropods, focusing mainly on honey bees and natural enemies, and we describe the methods used in these studies. Finally, we discuss the potential for developing experimental approaches that take into account these sublethal effects in integrated pest management and the possibility of integrating their evaluation in pesticide registration procedures.

中文翻译：

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农药对有益节肢动物的亚致死作用。

传统上，农药对有益节肢动物的急性毒性的测量很大程度上取决于确定急性中值致死剂量或浓度。但是，急性毒性试验期间的估计致死剂量可能只是有害作用的部分度量。除了农药引起的直接死亡率外，还必须考虑其对节肢动物生理和行为的亚致死作用，以便对其影响进行全面分析。在过去的15年中，与这些效应的鉴定和表征相关的研究和方法越来越多。回顾已发表文献中报道的亚致死作用，同时考虑到最近的数据，揭示了对农药亚致死作用的新见解，包括对学习成绩，行为，和神经生理学。我们表征了对节肢动物的不同类型的亚致死效应，主要针对蜜蜂和天敌，并描述了这些研究中使用的方法。最后，我们讨论了开发实验方法的可能性，这些方法考虑了在综合害虫管理中的这些亚致死作用以及将其评估纳入农药注册程序的可能性。