The current study examined delayed recall of items that had been processed during simple and complex span tasks. Three experiments were reported showing that despite more items being recalled initially from a simple span task (i.e., word span) than a complex span task (i.e., operation span), on a delayed recall test more items were recalled that had initially been processed during the complex span task. This delayed recall advantage for items processed during complex span tasks persisted when subjects were encouraged to process the items deeply during the initial span task (Experiment 2), and when initial recall during the span task was precluded (Experiment 3). The covert retrieval model explains these data as being the result of subjects maintaining items in working memory during complex span tasks by covertly retrieving them during the processing phases of the tasks. These covert retrieval attempts provide distributed practice retrieving items from long-term memory, creating effective retrieval cues for later delayed recall that are not created during simple span tasks. The covert retrieval model was supported by data showing that words presented in earlier serial positions during operation span, which had the greatest likelihood of being covertly retrieved, were most likely to be recalled on the delayed recall test. These data support the notion that complex working memory span tasks share considerable processing overlap with episodic memory tasks.

中文翻译：

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隐蔽检索在工作记忆跨度任务中的作用：来自延迟回忆测试的证据

当前的研究检查了在简单和复杂的跨度任务中处理过的项目的延迟回忆。报告的三个实验表明，尽管最初从简单跨度任务（即单词跨度）中比从复杂跨度任务（即操作跨度）中召回的项目更多，但在延迟回忆测试中，更多的项目被召回，这些项目最初是在复杂的跨度任务。当在初始跨度任务期间鼓励受试者深入处理项目（实验 2），并且排除跨度任务期间的初始回忆（实验 3）时，复杂跨度任务期间处理的项目的延迟回忆优势仍然存在。隐蔽检索模型将这些数据解释为主体在复杂跨度任务期间通过在任务的处理阶段隐蔽检索它们在工作记忆中维护项目的结果。这些隐蔽的检索尝试提供了从长期记忆中检索项目的分布式练习，为以后延迟回忆创建有效的检索线索，这些线索不是在简单的跨度任务中创建的。隐性检索模型得到了数据的支持，这些数据表明，在操作跨度期间出现在较早序列位置的单词，最有可能被隐性检索，最有可能在延迟回忆测试中被回忆起来。这些数据支持复杂的工作记忆跨任务与情景记忆任务共享大量处理重叠的概念。这些隐蔽的检索尝试提供了从长期记忆中检索项目的分布式练习，为以后延迟回忆创建有效的检索线索，这些线索不是在简单的跨度任务中创建的。隐性检索模型得到了数据的支持，这些数据表明，在操作跨度期间出现在较早序列位置的单词，最有可能被隐性检索，最有可能在延迟回忆测试中被回忆起来。这些数据支持复杂的工作记忆跨任务与情景记忆任务共享大量处理重叠的概念。这些隐蔽的检索尝试提供了从长期记忆中检索项目的分布式练习，为以后延迟回忆创建有效的检索线索，这些线索不是在简单的跨度任务中创建的。隐性检索模型得到了数据的支持，这些数据表明，在操作跨度期间出现在较早序列位置的单词，最有可能被隐性检索，最有可能在延迟回忆测试中被回忆起来。这些数据支持复杂的工作记忆跨任务与情景记忆任务共享大量处理重叠的概念。隐性检索模型得到了数据的支持，这些数据表明，在操作跨度期间出现在较早序列位置的单词，最有可能被隐性检索，最有可能在延迟回忆测试中被回忆起来。这些数据支持复杂的工作记忆跨任务与情景记忆任务共享大量处理重叠的概念。隐性检索模型得到了数据的支持，这些数据表明，在操作跨度期间出现在较早序列位置的单词，最有可能被隐性检索，最有可能在延迟回忆测试中被回忆起来。这些数据支持复杂的工作记忆跨任务与情景记忆任务共享大量处理重叠的概念。