Fluorescence proteins (FPs) have been widely used for live-cell imaging in the past decade. This review summarizes the recent advances in FP development and imaging technologies using FPs to monitor molecular localization and activities and gene expressions in live cells. We also discuss the utilization of FPs to develop molecular biosensors and the principles and application of advanced technologies such as fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), and chromophore-assisted light inactivation (CALI). We present examples of the application of FPs and biosensors to visualize mechanotransduction events with high spatiotemporal resolutions in live cells. These live-cell imaging technologies, which represent a frontier area in biomedical engineering, can shed new light on the mechanisms regulating mechanobiology at cellular and molecular levels in normal and pathophysiological conditions.

中文翻译：

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荧光蛋白，活细胞成像和力学生物学：眼见为实。

在过去的十年中，荧光蛋白（FPs）已被广泛用于活细胞成像。这篇综述总结了FP的发展和使用FP来监测活细胞中分子定位和活性以及基因表达的成像技术的最新进展。我们还将讨论利用FP来开发分子生物传感器以及先进技术的原理和应用，例如荧光共振能量转移（FRET），光漂白后的荧光恢复（FRAP），荧光寿命成像显微镜（FLIM）和发色团辅助光灭活（CALI）。我们提出了FP和生物传感器的应用实例，以可视化在活细胞中具有高时空分辨率的机械转导事件。这些活细胞成像技术代表了生物医学工程的前沿领域，