The discovery of myostatin and our introduction to the "Mighty Mouse" over a decade ago spurred both basic and applied research and impacted popular culture as well. The myostatin-null genotype produces "double muscling" in mice and livestock and was recently described in a child. The field's rapid growth is by no means surprising considering the potential benefits of enhancing muscle growth in clinical and agricultural settings. Indeed, several recent studies suggest that blocking myostatin's inhibitory effects could improve the clinical treatment of several muscle growth disorders, whereas comparative studies suggest that these actions are at least partly conserved. Thus, neutralizing myostatin's effects could also have agricultural significance. Extrapolating between studies that use different vertebrate models, particularly fish and mammals, is somewhat confusing because whole genome duplication events have resulted in the production and retention of up to four unique myostatin genes in some fish species. Such comparisons, however, suggest that myostatin's actions may not be limited to skeletal muscle per se, but may additionally influence other tissues including cardiac muscle, adipocytes, and the brain. Thus, therapeutic intervention in the clinic or on the farm must consider the potential of alternative side effects that could impact these or other tissues. In addition, the presence of multiple and actively diversifying myostatin genes in most fish species provides a unique opportunity to study adaptive molecular evolution. It may also provide insight into myostatin's nonmuscle actions as results from these and other comparative studies gain visibility in biomedical fields.

中文翻译：

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肌生长抑制素的临床、农业和进化生物学：比较综述。

肌肉生长抑制素的发现以及我们十多年前对“Mighty Mouse”的介绍刺激了基础研究和应用研究，也影响了流行文化。肌肉生长抑制素无效基因型在小鼠和家畜中产生“双肌肉”，最近在儿童中被描述。考虑到在临床和农业环境中促进肌肉生长的潜在好处，该领域的快速增长并不令人惊讶。事实上，最近的几项研究表明，阻断肌肉生长抑制素的抑制作用可以改善几种肌肉生长障碍的临床治疗，而比较研究表明，这些作用至少是部分保守的。因此，中和肌肉生长抑制素的作用也可能具有农业意义。在使用不同脊椎动物模型的研究之间进行推断，尤其是鱼类和哺乳动物，有些令人困惑，因为全基因组复制事件导致在某些鱼类物种中产生和保留多达四个独特的肌肉生长抑制素基因。然而，这种比较表明，肌生长抑制素的作用可能不仅限于骨骼肌本身，还可能影响其他组织，包括心肌、脂肪细胞和大脑。因此，诊所或农场的治疗干预必须考虑可能影响这些或其他组织的替代副作用的可能性。此外，大多数鱼类物种中存在多个积极多样化的肌肉生长抑制素基因，为研究适应性分子进化提供了独特的机会。它还可以提供对肌肉生长抑制素的洞察