F1F0 ATP synthases convert energy stored in an electrochemical gradient of H+ or Na+ across the membrane into mechanical rotation, which is subsequently converted into the chemical bond energy of ATP. The majority of cellular ATP is produced by the ATP synthase in organisms throughout the biological kingdom and therefore under diverse environmental conditions. The ATP synthase of each particular cell is confronted with specific challenges, imposed by the specific environment, and thus by necessity must adapt to these conditions for optimal operation. Examples of these adaptations include diverse mechanisms for regulating the ATP hydrolysis activity of the enzyme, the utilization of different coupling ions with distinct ion binding characteristics, different ion-to-ATP ratios reflected by variations in the size of the rotor c ring, the mode of ion delivery to the binding sites, and the different contributions of the electrical and chemical gradients to the driving force.

中文翻译：

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独特的旋转式ATP合酶及其生物多样性。

F1F0 ATP合成酶将跨膜的H +或Na +电化学梯度中存储的能量转换为机械旋转，随后将其转换为ATP的化学键能。大多数的细胞ATP是由ATP合酶在整个生物界的生物体中产生的，因此在不同的环境条件下也会产生。每个特定细胞的ATP合酶都面临着特定的挑战，这些挑战是由特定的环境所强加的，因此必须为了最佳操作而必须适应这些条件。这些适应措施的示例包括多种调节酶的ATP水解活性的机制，利用具有独特离子结合特性的不同偶联离子，通过转子c环尺寸变化反映出的不同离子与ATP比，