The European Union lacks a comprehensive framework to address the threats posed by the introduction and spread of marine non-indigenous species (NIS). Current efforts are fragmented and suffer substantial gaps in coverage. In this paper we identify and discuss issues relating to the assessment of spatial and temporal patterns of introductions in European Seas (ES), based on a scientifically validated information system of aquatic non-indigenous and cryptogenic species, AquaNIS. While recognizing the limitations of the existing data, we extract information that can be used to assess the relative risk of introductions for different taxonomic groups, geographic regions and likely vectors. The dataset comprises 879 multicellular NIS. We applied a country-based approach to assess patterns of NIS richness in ES, and identify the principal introduction routes and vectors, the most widespread NIS and their spatial and temporal spread patterns. Between 1970 and 2013, the number of recorded NIS has grown by 86, 173 and 204% in the Baltic, Western European margin and the Mediterranean, respectively; 52 of the 879 NIS were recorded in 10 or more countries, and 25 NIS first recorded in European seas since 1990 have since been reported in five or more countries. Our results highlight the ever-rising role of shipping (commercial and recreational) as a vector for the widespread and recently spread NIS. The Suez Canal, a corridor unique to the Mediterranean, is responsible for the increased introduction of new thermophilic NIS into this warming sea. The 2020 goal of the EU Biodiversity Strategy concerning marine Invasive Alien Species may not be fully attainable. The setting of a new target date should be accompanied by scientifically robust, sensible and pragmatic plans to minimize introductions of marine NIS and to study those present.

中文翻译：

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国际抵达：欧洲海域广泛的生物入侵

欧盟缺乏一个全面的框架来应对海洋非本土物种 (NIS) 的引入和传播所带来的威胁。目前的努力是零散的，覆盖面存在很大差距。在本文中，我们基于经过科学验证的非本土和隐源水生物种 AquaNIS 的信息系统，确定并讨论了与欧洲海 (ES) 引入的空间和时间模式评估相关的问题。在认识到现有数据的局限性的同时，我们提取了可用于评估不同分类群、地理区域和可能载体引入的相对风险的信息。该数据集包含 879 个多细胞 NIS。我们应用了一种基于国家的方法来评估 ES 中 NIS 丰富度的模式，并确定主要的引入途径和媒介、最广泛的 NIS 及其时空传播模式。1970 年至 2013 年间，波罗的海、西欧边缘和地中海地区记录的 NIS 数量分别增长了 86%、173% 和 204%；879 个 NIS 中有 52 个是在 10 个或更多国家记录的，自 1990 年以来首次在欧洲海域记录的 25 个 NIS 已在五个或更多国家报告。我们的研究结果强调了航运（商业和娱乐）作为广泛和最近传播的 NIS 的载体的不断上升的作用。苏伊士运河是地中海独有的一条走廊，它负责将新的嗜热 NIS 引入这个变暖的海洋。欧盟生物多样性战略关于海洋外来入侵物种的 2020 年目标可能无法完全实现。