Biopreservation is the science of extending the shelf life (storage time) of biological systems. The scientific field of biopreservation can be broadly classified into three distinct but interrelated research areas: Cryopreservation (storage by freezing), Desiccation (storage by drying) and Freeze-Drying (storage by freezing first and then sublimating the frozen water). Although, both freeze-frying and desiccation create products that are easier to store and transport, they have not, as yet, been successfully applied to store a variety of biological specimens. However, both these technologies have been quite successfully applied in a variety of fields including pharmaceutical sciences and food industry, as demonstrated by the easy availability of shelf-stable drugs and instant mashed potatoes! On the other hand freezing storage has a long and storied history of being used to transport biological specimen, over long distances, as far back as the time of the Pharaohs. However, the lack of portable refrigeration/freezing techniques (and the inviolate second law) limited the use of cryopreservation in every-day life, until the early 19th century. This short review will outline some of the challenges and opportunities in the fields of engineering, heat and mass transfer, biochemical and genetic adaptations in the preservation of biological systems.

中文翻译：

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生物保存：生物系统中的热/质量传递挑战和生物化学/遗传适应

生物防腐是延长生物系统保质期（储存时间）的科学。生物保存的科学领域可以大致分为三个不同但相互关联的研究领域：低温保存（冷冻保存）、干燥（干燥保存）和冷冻干燥（先冷冻保存，然后升华冷冻水）。尽管冷冻油炸和干燥都创造了更易于储存和运输的产品，但它们尚未成功应用于储存各种生物标本。然而，这两种技术都非常成功地应用于包括制药科学和食品工业在内的各个领域，正如货架稳定的药物和速溶土豆泥的容易获得所证明的那样！另一方面，冷冻储存在远距离运输生物标本方面有着悠久而传奇的历史，最早可以追溯到法老时代。然而，直到 19 世纪初，便携式冷藏/冷冻技术的缺乏（以及不可侵犯的第二定律）限制了冷冻保存在日常生活中的使用。这篇简短的评论将概述工程、传热和传质、生物化学和遗传适应领域在生物系统保护方面的一些挑战和机遇。直到 19 世纪初。这篇简短的评论将概述工程、传热和传质、生物化学和遗传适应领域在生物系统保护方面的一些挑战和机遇。直到 19 世纪初。这篇简短的评论将概述工程、传热和传质、生物化学和遗传适应领域在生物系统保护方面的一些挑战和机遇。