Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO(2) NPs) are one of the most widely used nanomaterials that have been manufactured worldwide and applied in different commercial realms. The well-recognized ability of TiO(2) to promote the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been extensively studied as one of the important mechanisms underlying TiO(2) NPs toxicity. As the "gold standard" method to quantify and identify ROS, electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy has been employed in many studies aimed at evaluating TiO(2) NPs safety. This review aims to provide a thorough discussion of current studies using ESR as the primary method to unravel the mechanism of TiO(2) NPs toxicity. ESR spin label oximetry and immune-spin trapping techniques are also briefly introduced, because the combination of spin trapping/labeling techniques offers a promising tool for studying the oxidative damage caused by TiO(2) NPs.

中文翻译：

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使用电子自旋共振的二氧化钛纳米颗粒诱导毒性的机理表征

二氧化钛纳米粒子 (TiO(2) NPs) 是使用最广泛的纳米材料之一，已在世界范围内制造并应用于不同的商业领域。众所周知的 TiO(2) 促进活性氧 (ROS) 形成的能力已被广泛研究为 TiO(2) NPs 毒性的重要机制之一。作为量化和识别 ROS 的“金标准”方法，电子自旋共振 (ESR) 光谱已被用于许多旨在评估 TiO(2) NPs 安全性的研究中。本综述旨在对当前使用 ESR 作为主要方法来揭示 TiO(2) NPs 毒性机制的研究进行彻底的讨论。还简要介绍了 ESR 自旋标记血氧饱和度和免疫自旋捕获技术，