Tissue and organ replacement is required when there are no alternative therapies available. Although vascular tissue engineering was originally developed to meet the clinical demands of small-diameter vascular conduits as bypass grafts, it has evolved into a highly advanced field where perfusable vasculatures are generated for implantation. Herein, we review several cutting-edge techniques that have led to implantable human blood vessels in clinical trials, the novel approaches that build complex perfusable microvascular networks in functional tissues, the use of stem cells to generate endothelial cells for vascularization, as well as the challenges in bringing vascular tissue engineering technologies into the clinics.

中文翻译：

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血管组织工程：构建用于植入的可灌注血管系统。

当没有可用的替代疗法时，需要组织和器官置换。虽然血管组织工程最初是为了满足小直径血管作为旁路移植物的临床需求而开发的，但它已经发展成为一个高度先进的领域，其中产生可灌注的脉管系统用于植入。在此，我们回顾了在临床试验中导致可植入人体血管的几种前沿技术，在功能组织中构建复杂可灌注微血管网络的新方法，使用干细胞生成血管化内皮细胞，以及将血管组织工程技术引入临床的挑战。