We investigated the decayed historical church window glasses of two Catalonian churches, both under Mediterranean climate. Glass surfaces were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Their chemical composition was determined by wavelength-dispersive spectrometry (WDS) microprobe analysis. The biodiversity was investigated by molecular methods: DNA extraction from glass, amplification by PCR targeting the16S rRNA and ITS regions, and fingerprint analyses by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Clone libraries containing either PCR fragments of the bacterial 16S rDNA or the fungal ITS regions were screened by DGGE. Clone inserts were sequenced and compared with the EMBL database. Similarity values ranged from 89 to 100% to known bacteria and fungi. Biological activity in both sites was evidenced in the form of orange patinas, bio-pitting, and mineral precipitation. Analyses revealed complex bacterial communities consisting of members of the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. Fungi showed less diversity than bacteria, and species of the genera Cladosporium and Phoma were dominant. The detected Actinobacteria and fungi may be responsible for the observed bio-pitting phenomenon. Moreover, some of the detected bacteria are known for their mineral precipitation capabilities. Sequence results also showed similarities with bacteria commonly found on deteriorated stone monuments, supporting the idea that medieval stained glass biodeterioration in the Mediterranean area shows a pattern comparable to that on stone.

中文翻译：

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对两座加泰罗尼亚教堂腐烂的中世纪彩色窗玻璃进行显微镜、化学和分子生物学研究

我们调查了两座加泰罗尼亚教堂在地中海气候下腐烂的历史教堂窗玻璃。通过扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)、能量色散光谱法 (EDS) 和 X 射线衍射 (XRD) 研究玻璃表面。它们的化学成分是通过波长色散光谱法 (WDS) 微探针分析确定的。通过分子方法研究生物多样性：从玻璃中提取 DNA，通过针对 16S rRNA 和 ITS 区域的 PCR 扩增，以及通过变性梯度凝胶电泳 (DGGE) 进行指纹分析。通过 DGGE 筛选含有细菌 16S rDNA 的 PCR 片段或真菌 ITS 区域的克隆文库。对克隆插入片段进行测序并与 EMBL 数据库进行比较。与已知细菌和真菌的相似度值在 89% 到 100% 之间。两个地点的生物活性都以橙色铜绿、生物点蚀和矿物沉淀的形式得到证实。分析揭示了由变形菌门、拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门和放线菌门的成员组成的复杂细菌群落。真菌表现出比细菌更少的多样性，并且以枝孢属和Phoma属的物种占优势。检测到的放线菌和真菌可能是观察到的生物点蚀现象的原因。此外，一些检测到的细菌以其矿物沉淀能力而闻名。序列结果还显示出与在退化的石碑上常见的细菌相似，这支持了地中海地区中世纪彩色玻璃生物退化显示出与石头上相似的模式的观点。