Rice quality and functionality are characterized in many ways, depending largely on the industry segment using the rice. These characteristics include appearance, milling, and cooking parameters. Recently, variable quality of rice grown in the United States has been reported, but the cause was not well documented. Agronomic impacts include planting time, irrigation and fertility, cultivar selection, and harvest conditions. However, recent research suggests that ambient air temperature, specifically elevated nighttime air temperature (NTAT) during grain filling, dramatically affects the variability of rice milling quality, in terms of milled- and head-rice yields; appearance, in terms of chalkiness; and functional characteristics, including viscosity profiles, gelatinization temperatures, and proximate concentrations. Future research is needed to develop cultivars that are resistant to stress resulting from elevated NTAT during the critical period of grain filling, and, for the near term, to develop altered production management practices that mitigate elevated-temperature stress.

中文翻译：

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籽粒发育过程中收获前因素对稻米质量和功能的影响。

大米的质量和功能性有很多特征，主要取决于使用大米的行业。这些特征包括外观，研磨和烹饪参数。最近，据报道在美国种植的稻米质量参差不齐，但原因尚未得到充分记录。农艺影响包括种植时间，灌溉和肥力，品种选择和收获条件。然而，最近的研究表明，环境温度，特别是谷物灌装过程中的夜间夜间空气温度（NTAT）升高，就碾米和米粉的产量而言，极大地影响了碾米质量的可变性。外观，用白垩度表示；和功能特性，包括粘度曲线，糊化温度和附近浓度。