Members of the order Psittaciformes (parrots and cockatoos) are among the most long-lived and endangered avian species. Comprehensive data on lifespan and breeding are critical to setting conservation priorities, parameterizing population viability models, and managing captive and wild populations. To meet these needs, we analyzed 83, 212 life history records of captive birds from the International Species Information System and calculated lifespan and breeding parameters for 260 species of parrots (71% of extant species). Species varied widely in lifespan, with larger species generally living longer than smaller ones. The highest maximum lifespan recorded was 92 years in Cacatua moluccensis, but only 11 other species had a maximum lifespan over 50 years. Our data indicate that while some captive individuals are capable of reaching extraordinary ages, median lifespans are generally shorter than widely assumed, albeit with some increase seen in birds presently held in zoos. Species that lived longer and bred later in life tended to be more threatened according to IUCN classifications. We documented several individuals of multiple species that were able to breed for more than two decades, but the majority of clades examined had much shorter active reproduction periods. Post-breeding periods were surprisingly long and in many cases surpassed the duration of active breeding. Our results demonstrate the value of the ISIS database to estimate life history data for an at-risk taxon that is difficult to study in the wild, and provide life history data that is crucial for predictive modeling of future species endangerment and proactively managing captive populations of parrots.

中文翻译：

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方舟上的生存：圈养鹦鹉的生活史趋势

鹦鹉形目（鹦鹉和凤头鹦鹉）的成员是最长寿和濒临灭绝的鸟类之一。关于寿命和繁殖的综合数据对于确定保护优先事项、参数化种群生存力模型以及管理圈养和野生种群至关重要。为了满足这些需求，我们分析了来自国际物种信息系统的 83、212 条圈养鸟类的生活史记录，并计算了 260 种鹦鹉（占现存物种的 71%）的寿命和繁殖参数。物种的寿命差异很大，较大的物种通常比较小的物种寿命更长。Cacatua moluccensis 记录的最长最长寿命为 92 年，但只有 11 种其他物种的最长寿命超过 50 年。我们的数据表明，虽然一些圈养个体能够达到非凡的年龄，但平均寿命通常比人们普遍认为的要短，尽管目前在动物园饲养的鸟类有所增加。根据 IUCN 分类，寿命更长、繁殖更晚的物种往往受到更大的威胁。我们记录了能够繁殖超过 20 年的多个物种的几个个体，但所检查的大多数进化枝的活跃繁殖期要短得多。繁殖后的时间长得惊人，在许多情况下超过了活跃繁殖的持续时间。我们的结果证明了 ISIS 数据库在估计难以在野外研究的高危分类群的生活史数据方面的价值，