ABSTRACT Graphene oxide (GO) nanomaterials are used extensively in a wide range of commercial applications. With GO production growing rapidly, it is expected that GO eventually could reach sensitive environmental systems, including subsurface formations, where montmorillonite, one of the most common minerals, is in abundance. This study examines the interaction of GO with quartz sand and montmorillonite (MMT) colloids at pH = 7, ionic strength IS = 2 mM, and 25°C, under dynamic conditions. Moreover, the effect of pH on MMT kinetic attachment onto quartz sand was investigated. The experimental data suggested that pH affected slightly the attachment of MMT colloids onto quartz sand. GO was attached in greater amounts onto MMT than quartz sand. Also, the attachment of GO onto quartz sand was shown to increase slightly in the presence of MMT colloids. However, when GO and MMT coexisted, the total GO mass attached onto quartz sand, suspended MMT, and attached MMT was increased. Furthermore, the equilibrium attachment experimental data were fitted nicely with a Freundlich isotherm, and the attachment kinetics were satisfactorily described with a pseudo-second-order model. Finally, the extended DLVO (XDLVO) theory was used to quantify the various interaction energy profiles based on electrokinetic and hydrodynamic measurements. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

中文翻译：

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氧化石墨烯纳米粒子与石英砂和蒙脱石胶体的相互作用

摘要氧化石墨烯（GO）纳米材料被广泛用于广泛的商业应用。随着 GO 产量的快速增长，预计 GO 最终可以到达敏感的环境系统，包括地下地层，其中最常见的矿物之一蒙脱石含量丰富。本研究在动态条件下检查了 GO 与石英砂和蒙脱石 (MMT) 胶体在 pH = 7、离子强度 IS = 2 mM 和 25°C 下的相互作用。此外，研究了 pH 值对 MMT 动力学附着在石英砂上的影响。实验数据表明，pH 对 MMT 胶体在石英砂上的附着有轻微影响。与石英砂相比，GO 在 MMT 上的附着量更大。此外，在 MMT 胶体的存在下，GO 对石英砂的附着力略有增加。然而，当 GO 和 MMT 共存时，附着在石英砂上、悬浮的 MMT 和附着的 MMT 上的总 GO 质量增加。此外，平衡附着实验数据与 Freundlich 等温线很好地拟合，并且用伪二级模型令人满意地描述了附着动力学。最后，扩展的 DLVO (XDLVO) 理论用于量化基于电动和流体动力学测量的各种相互作用能量分布。图形概要 扩展的 DLVO (XDLVO) 理论用于量化基于电动和流体动力学测量的各种相互作用能量分布。图形概要 扩展的 DLVO (XDLVO) 理论用于量化基于电动和流体动力学测量的各种相互作用能量分布。图形概要