Global seafood provides almost 20% of all animal protein in diets, and aquaculture is, despite weakening trends, the fastest growing food sector worldwide. Recent increases in production have largely been achieved through intensification of existing farming systems, resulting in higher risks of disease outbreaks. This has led to increased use of antimicrobials (AMs) and consequent antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in many farming sectors, which may compromise the treatment of bacterial infections in the aquaculture species itself and increase the risks of AMR in humans through zoonotic diseases or through the transfer of AMR genes to human bacteria. Multiple stakeholders have, as a result, criticized the aquaculture industry, resulting in consequent regulations in some countries. AM use in aquaculture differs from that in livestock farming due to aquaculture’s greater diversity of species and farming systems, alternative means of AM application, and less consolidated farming practices in many regions. This, together with less research on AM use in aquaculture in general, suggests that large data gaps persist with regards to its overall use, breakdowns by species and system, and how AMs become distributed in, and impact on, the overall social-ecological systems in which they are embedded. This paper identifies the main factors (and challenges) behind application rates, which enables discussion of mitigation pathways. From a set of identified key mechanisms for AM usage, six proximate factors are identified: vulnerability to bacterial disease, AM access, disease diagnostic capacity, AMR, target markets and food safety regulations, and certification. Building upon these can enable local governments to reduce AM use through farmer training, spatial planning, assistance with disease identification, and stricter regulations. National governments and international organizations could, in turn, assist with disease-free juveniles and vaccines, enforce rigid monitoring of the quantity and quality of AMs used by farmers and the AM residues in the farmed species and in the environment, and promote measures to reduce potential human health risks associated with AMR.

中文翻译：

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影响全球水产养殖中抗菌药物使用的拆包因素及其对管理的意义：从系统角度进行回顾。

全球海鲜在饮食中提供了几乎所有动物蛋白的20％，尽管趋势减弱，水产养殖仍是全球增长最快的食品部门。最近的生产增加主要是通过加强现有耕作制度来实现的，从而导致疾病暴发的更高风险。这导致在许多农业部门中抗菌药物（AMs）的使用增加，随之而来的是抗菌素耐药性（AMR），这可能会损害水产养殖物种本身对细菌感染的治疗，并通过人畜共患病或通过人类活动增加人类AMR的风险。 AMR基因向人类细菌的转移。结果，多个利益相关者对水产养殖业提出了批评，从而在某些国家制定了相应的法规。由于水产养殖种类和养殖系统的多样性更大，采用AM的替代手段以及许多地区的综合耕作方式较少，水产养殖中AM的使用不同于畜牧业。加上对水产养殖中AM使用的研究较少，这表明在其总体使用，按物种和系统分类以及AM在新的社会生态系统中的分布和影响方面仍存在较大的数据缺口。它们嵌入其中。本文确定了施用量背后的主要因素（和挑战），从而可以讨论缓解途径。从一系列确定的AM使用关键机制中，确定了六个最接近的因素：细菌疾病的易感性，AM访问，疾病诊断能力，AMR，目标市场和食品安全法规以及认证。在这些基础上，地方政府可以通过农民培训，空间规划，协助疾病识别和更严格的法规来减少AM的使用。各国政府和国际组织可以反过来协助无病的少年和疫苗，对农民使用的AM的数量和质量以及养殖物种和环境中的AM残留物进行严格监控，并采取措施减少与AMR相关的潜在人类健康风险。