This essay examines some of the research practices and strategies that the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926) deployed in his efforts to account for the significance of emotions in psychiatric illnesses. After briefly surveying Kraepelin’s understanding of emotions and providing some historical context for his work in the late nineteenth century, it examines three different approaches that he took to studying emotions. First, it discusses his work in experimental psychology and his use of so-called artificial insanity to study affective disorders. It then turns to his clinical research, exploring his particular interest in the course and outcome of psychiatric disorders and then showing how those concerns related to his nosological delineation of manic depressive illness. Finally, it considers briefly how he attempted to expand his “clinical gaze,” turning it outward onto larger, nonhospitalized populations in an attempt to study subclinical forms of affect or temperaments. The article argues that the inadequacies and limitations of his own experimental and clinical research practices contributed to his evolving understanding of affective disorders. In particular, they led him to expand and differentiate his understanding of manic-depressive illness so as to take greater account of premorbid symptoms or temperaments.

中文翻译：

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发脾气：埃米尔·克雷佩林（Emil Kraepelin）对情感障碍的研究。

本文考察了德国精神病医生埃米尔·克雷佩林（Emil Kraepelin，1856–1926）在研究情感上在精神疾病中的重要性时所采用的一些研究实践和策略。在简要调查了Kraepelin对情感的理解并为其19世纪后期的工作提供了一些历史背景之后，它考察了他研究情感的三种不同方法。首先，它讨论了他在实验心理学方面的工作以及他对所谓的人为精神错乱研究情感障碍的使用。然后转向他的临床研究，探索他对精神疾病的病程和结局的特殊兴趣，然后显示这些担忧与他的躁狂抑郁症的病态描述如何相关。最后，它简要地考虑了他是如何尝试扩大其“临床凝视”的，将其向外扩展到更大的非住院患者群体，以尝试研究亚临床形式的情感或性情。文章认为，他自己的实验和临床研究实践的不足和局限性促使他对情感障碍的理解不断发展。特别是，他们使他扩大并区分了他对躁狂抑郁症的理解，从而更多地考虑了病前症状或气质。文章认为，他自己的实验和临床研究实践的不足和局限性促使他对情感障碍的理解不断发展。特别是，他们使他扩大并区分了他对躁狂抑郁症的理解，从而更多地考虑了病前症状或气质。文章认为，他自己的实验和临床研究实践的不足和局限性促使他对情感障碍的理解不断发展。特别是，他们使他扩大并区分了他对躁狂抑郁症的理解，从而更多地考虑了病前症状或气质。