Ziram, one of the dithiocarbamate fungicides, is widely applied to agriculture because this agent protects various crops from fungal infections. Risks of dithiocarbamate biocide use are of concern. It was previously reported that Ziram increased the intracellular concentration of Zn2+. Therefore, we cytometrically studied the mechanism of Zn2+-dependent lethal actions of Ziram on rat lymphocytes at environmentally relevant Zn2+ levels. Membrane and cellular parameters of rat lymphocytes were estimated by flow-cytometric techniques with appropriate fluorescent probes. The Ziram-induced increase in cell lethality was completely attenuated by Zn2+ chelators. A significant increase of cell lethality was found on the simultaneous application of Ziram at a sublethal concentration and ZnCl2. The combination of Ziram and ZnCl2 increased the cellular superoxide anion content and decreased the cellular GSH content, which possibly caused the increase in cell lethality. The zinc concentrations under the present experimental conditions were comparable to the environmentally relevant concentrations found in rivers. Therefore, the environmental level of zinc may be critical in estimating the toxicity of Ziram to wild animals.

中文翻译：

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锌是二硫代氨基甲酸酯类杀菌剂Ziram对大鼠胸腺淋巴细胞的细胞毒性的决定因素：可能的环境风险。

Ziram是二硫代氨基甲酸酯类杀菌剂之一，由于其可以保护各种农作物免受真菌感染，因此被广泛应用于农业。使用二硫代氨基甲酸酯杀生物剂的风险值得关注。先前有报道称Ziram可增加细胞内Zn2 +的浓度。因此，我们用细胞仪研究了环境相关的Zn2 +水平下Ziram对大鼠淋巴细胞Zn2 +依赖性致死作用的机制。用适当的荧光探针通过流式细胞仪技术评估大鼠淋巴细胞的膜和细胞参数。Ziram诱导的细胞致死率增加被Zn2 +螯合剂完全减弱。在亚致死浓度和ZnCl2同时施用Ziram时，发现细胞杀伤力显着增加。Ziram和ZnCl2的组合增加了细胞中超氧阴离子的含量，降低了细胞中GSH的含量，这可能导致细胞杀伤力的增加。在目前的实验条件下，锌的浓度与河流中与环境有关的浓度相当。因此，锌的环境水平可能对评估Ziram对野生动物的毒性至关重要。