2,2-Dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA) is a major biocide in hydraulic fracturing fluids. Most biocides in fracturing fluids are considered to have low acute toxicity to mammals, but little information is available in the literature regarding the toxic actions of DBNPA on mammalian cells. This information is important to suggest the DBNPA toxicity on wild mammals. In this study, the effects of DBNPA on rat thymocytes were studied using flow cytometric techniques in order to further characterize the cytotoxicity of DBNPA for its safe use. DBNPA at 3-7.5 μM produced a steep concentration-dependent increase in cell lethality. At 5 μM, DBNPA significantly depolarized the membranes with a disturbance of the asymmetrical distribution of membrane phospholipids. The lethal effect of DBNPA was completely abolished under cold conditions, and was augmented in the presence of ethanol. It is suggested that the lethal action of DBNPA is linked to changes in membrane fluidity. Because the concentration-dependent change of DBNPA-induced lethal action was very steep under in vitro conditions, the adverse actions of DBNPA on wild mammals are concerning, even though such reports have not yet surfaced.

中文翻译：

---

水力压裂液中的杀生物剂2,2-二溴-3-硝基丙酰胺对大鼠胸腺细胞的细胞毒作用。

2,2-二溴-3-硝基丙酰胺（DBNPA）是水力压裂液中的主要杀菌剂。压裂液中的大多数杀生物剂被认为对哺乳动物具有较低的急性毒性，但有关DBNPA对哺乳动物细胞的毒性作用的文献资料很少。该信息对于暗示DBNPA对野生哺乳动物的毒性很重要。在这项研究中，使用流式细胞仪技术研究了DBNPA对大鼠胸腺细胞的作用，以进一步表征DBNPA安全使用的细胞毒性。3-7.5μM的DBNPA导致细胞致死率急剧增加，且浓度依赖于浓度。在5μM时，DBNPA会显着地使膜去极化，并干扰膜磷脂的不对称分布。在寒冷条件下，DBNPA的致死作用被完全消除，并在乙醇存在下增加。提示DBNPA的致死作用与膜流动性的变化有关。因为在体外条件下，DBNPA诱导的致死作用的浓度依赖性变化非常陡峭，所以尽管尚未有报道涉及DBNPA对野生哺乳动物的不良作用。