The family Rhabdoviridae (RV) comprises a large, genetically diverse collection of single-stranded, negative sense RNA viruses from the order Mononegavirales. Several RV members are being developed as live-attenuated vaccine vectors for the prevention or treatment of infectious disease and cancer. These include the prototype recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (rVSV) and the more recently developed recombinant Maraba Virus, both species within the genus Vesiculoviridae. A relatively strong safety profile in humans, robust immunogenicity and genetic malleability are key features that make the RV family attractive vaccine platforms. Currently, the rVSV vector is in preclinical development for vaccination against numerous high-priority infectious diseases, with clinical evaluation underway for HIV/AIDS and Ebola virus disease. Indeed, the success of the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine during the 2014-15 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa highlights the therapeutic potential of rVSV as a vaccine vector for acute, life-threatening viral illnesses. The rVSV and rMaraba platforms are also being tested as ‘oncolytic’ cancer vaccines in a series of phase 1-2 clinical trials, after being proven effective at eliciting immune-mediated tumour regression in preclinical mouse models. In this review, we discuss the biological and genetic features that make RVs attractive vaccine platforms and the development and ongoing testing of rVSV and rMaraba strains as vaccine vectors for infectious disease and cancer.

Rhabdoviridae（RV）家族包含大量的，遗传多样的单链负有义RNA病毒单链负RNA病毒。几种RV成员正在被开发为减毒活疫苗载体，用于预防或治疗传染病和癌症。这些包括原型重组水泡性口炎病毒（的rVSV）和最近开发的重组Maraba病毒，属内两个物种Vesiculoviridae。相对强壮的人体安全性，强大的免疫原性和遗传延展性是使RV系列成为有吸引力的疫苗平台的关键特征。目前，rVSV载体正在临床前开发中，用于针对多种高优先级传染病的疫苗接种，并且正在进行针对HIV / AIDS和埃博拉病毒病的临床评估。确实，rVSV-ZEBOV疫苗在2014-15年西非埃博拉病毒暴发期间取得了成功，突显了rVSV作为急性，威胁生命的病毒性疾病的疫苗载体的治疗潜力。rVSV和rMaraba平台在被证明可在临床前小鼠模型中引发免疫介导的肿瘤消退有效后，还在一系列1-2期临床试验中作为“溶瘤性”癌症疫苗进行测试。在这篇评论中