The past few years have seen a rash of emerging viral diseases, including the Ebola crisis in West Africa, the pandemic spread of chikungunya, and the recent explosion of Zika in South America. Vaccination is the most reliable and cost-effective method of control of infectious diseases, however, there is often a long delay in production and approval in getting new vaccines to market. Vaccinia was the first vaccine developed for the successful eradication of smallpox and has properties that make it attractive as a universal vaccine vector. Vaccinia can cause severe complications, particularly in immune suppressed recipients that would limit its utility, but nonreplicating and attenuated strains have been developed. Modified vaccinia Ankara is nonreplicating in human cells and can be safely given to immune suppressed individuals. Vaccinia has recently been modified for use as an oncolytic treatment for cancer therapy. These new vaccinia vectors are replicating; but have been attenuated and could prove useful as a universal vaccine carrier as many of these are in clinical trials for cancer therapy. This article reviews the development of a universal vaccinia vaccine platform for emerging diseases or biothreat agents, based on nonreplicating or live attenuated vaccinia viruses.

过去几年出现了一系列新出现的病毒性疾病，包括西非的埃博拉病毒危机、基孔肯雅热的大流行以及最近在南美爆发的寨卡病毒。疫苗接种是控制传染病最可靠和最具成本效益的方法，但是，新疫苗的生产和批准通常会延迟很长时间。牛痘是为成功根除天花而开发的第一种疫苗，并且具有使其作为通用疫苗载体具有吸引力的特性。牛痘会导致严重的并发症，特别是在免疫抑制的受体中，这会限制其效用，但已开发出非复制型和减毒株。改良的安卡拉牛痘在人体细胞中是不可复制的，可以安全地给予免疫抑制个体。牛痘最近已被修改为用作癌症治疗的溶瘤治疗。这些新的痘苗病毒载体正在复制；但已被减毒并可能被证明可用作通用疫苗载体，因为其中许多疫苗正处于癌症治疗的临床试验中。本文回顾了基于非复制或减毒活痘苗病毒的新兴疾病或生物威胁剂通用痘苗疫苗平台的开发。