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Behavioral Plasticity in Probing by Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera, Liviidae): Ingestion from Phloem Versus Xylem is Influenced by Leaf Age and Surface
Journal of Insect Behavior ( IF 1 ) Pub Date : 2018-02-20 , DOI: 10.1007/s10905-018-9666-0
Timothy A Ebert 1 , Elaine A Backus 2 , Holly J Shugart 1 , Michael E Rogers 1
Affiliation  

Diaphorina citri is a major pest of citrus because it transmits Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, a phloem-limited bacterium that putatively causes Huanglongbing (HLB). The disease moves slowly through a tree, and the vector facilitates further within-tree movement via transmission of the pathogen. However, this only happens when D. citri stylets contact the phloem, to inoculate bacteria during phloem salivation and acquire bacteria during phloem sap ingestion. Behavioral changes in D. citri associated with different plant parts would affect how long it takes to reach phloem and how long the psyllids stays in phloem to ingest, thereby influencing the risk of disease spread. D. citri feeding was recorded on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of mature and immature citrus leaves. Adults in the field can be found on these surfaces at all times of year. On abaxial surface of immature leaves, phloem salivation would occur after 11 h on average, but rarely as soon as 0.56 h. The corresponding values on mature leaves were 16 and 2.7. In general, psyllids spent more time ingesting phloem sap on immature leaves than on mature leaves. Psyllids on abaxial surfaces spent more time ingesting from phloem, though the strength of this effect was less than for immature versus mature leaves. In contrast, xylem ingestion increased on mature leaves compared with young. The biological differences that could produce this outcome are discussed. The results discussed herein are of relevance to further studies on the efficacy of an insecticide to act quickly enough to prevent pathogen transmission.

中文翻译:

Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera, Liviidae) 探测中的行为可塑性:韧皮部与木质部的摄入受叶龄和表面的影响

Diaphorina citri 是柑橘类的主要害​​虫,因为它传播 Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus,一种韧皮部限制性细菌,可能会导致黄龙病 (HLB)。这种疾病在树上缓慢移动,而载体通过病原体的传播促进了树内的进一步移动。然而,这仅发生在柑橘树突触韧皮部时,在韧皮部唾液分泌期间接种细菌并在韧皮部汁液摄取期间获得细菌。与不同植物部分相关的柑橘木虱的行为变化会影响到达韧皮部所需的时间以及木虱在韧皮部停留的时间以摄取,从而影响疾病传播的风险。D. citri 取食记录在成熟和未成熟柑橘叶的背面和正面。一年四季都可以在这些表面上找到野外的成年人。在未成熟叶片的背面,韧皮部平均在 11 h 后开始分泌唾液,但很少在 0.56 h 后出现。成熟叶的相应值为 16 和 2.7。一般来说,木虱在未成熟的叶子上比在成熟的叶子上花费更多的时间摄取韧皮部汁液。背面的木虱花更多的时间从韧皮部摄取,尽管这种影响的强度小于未成熟叶与成熟叶的强度。相比之下,与幼叶相比,成熟叶对木质部的摄取增加。讨论了可能产生这种结果的生物学差异。本文讨论的结果与进一步研究杀虫剂的功效以足够快地防止病原体传播有关。56 小时。成熟叶的相应值为 16 和 2.7。一般来说,木虱在未成熟的叶子上比在成熟的叶子上花费更多的时间摄取韧皮部汁液。背面的木虱花更多的时间从韧皮部摄取,尽管这种影响的强度小于未成熟叶与成熟叶的强度。相比之下,与幼叶相比,成熟叶对木质部的摄取增加。讨论了可能产生这种结果的生物学差异。本文讨论的结果与进一步研究杀虫剂的功效以足够快地防止病原体传播有关。56 小时。成熟叶的相应值为 16 和 2.7。一般来说,木虱在未成熟的叶子上比在成熟的叶子上花费更多的时间摄取韧皮部汁液。背面的木虱花更多的时间从韧皮部摄取,尽管这种影响的强度小于未成熟叶与成熟叶的强度。相反,与幼叶相比,成熟叶对木质部的摄取增加。讨论了可能产生这种结果的生物学差异。本文讨论的结果与进一步研究杀虫剂的功效以足够快地防止病原体传播有关。尽管这种效应的强度低于未成熟叶片与成熟叶片。相比之下,与幼叶相比,成熟叶对木质部的摄取增加。讨论了可能产生这种结果的生物学差异。本文讨论的结果与进一步研究杀虫剂的功效以足够快地防止病原体传播有关。尽管这种效应的强度低于未成熟叶片与成熟叶片。相比之下,与幼叶相比,成熟叶对木质部的摄取增加。讨论了可能产生这种结果的生物学差异。本文讨论的结果与进一步研究杀虫剂的功效以足够快地防止病原体传播有关。
更新日期:2018-02-20
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