Argument“Deficit model” designates an outlook on the public understanding and communication of science that emphasizes scientific illiteracy and the need to educate the public. Though criticized, it is still widespread, especially among scientists. Its persistence is due not only to factors ranging from scientists’ training to policy design, but also to the continuance of realism as an aesthetic criterion. This article examines the link between realism and the deficit model through discussions of neurology and psychiatry in fiction film, as well as through debates about historical movies and the cinematic adaptation of literature. It shows that different values and criteria tend to dominate the realist stance in different domains:accuracyfor movies concerning neurology and psychiatry,authenticityfor the historical film, andfidelityfor adaptations of literature. Finally, contrary to the deficit model, it argues that the cinema is better characterized by a surplus of meaning than by informational shortcomings.

中文翻译：

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准确性、真实性、保真度：审美现实主义、“缺陷模型”和公众对科学的理解

论据“赤字模式”指定了一种公众理解和传播科学的观点，强调科学文盲和教育公众的必要性。尽管受到批评，但它仍然很普遍，尤其是在科学家中。它的持续存在不仅是由于从科学家的培训到政策设计等因素，而且还因为现实主义作为审美标准的延续。本文通过对小说电影中神经病学和精神病学的讨论，以及关于历史电影和文学电影改编的辩论，检验了现实主义与缺陷模型之间的联系。它表明，不同的价值观和标准往往主导着不同领域的现实主义立场：准确性对于有关神经病学和精神病学的电影，真实性对于历史电影，以及保真度用于文学改编。最后，与赤字模型相反，它认为电影的特征是意义过剩而不是信息缺陷。