Avoidance and reduction of soil contamination with heavy metals is one of the most serious global challenges. Nowadays, science offers us new opportunities of utilizing plants to extract toxic elements from the soil by means of phytoremediation. Plant abilities to uptake, translocate, and transform heavy metals, as well as to limit their toxicity, may be significantly enhanced via genetic engineering. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent strategies aimed at the improvement of plant phytoremediation potential using plant transformation and employing current achievements in nuclear and cytoplasmic genome transformation. Strategies for obtaining plants suitable for effective soil clean-up and tolerant to excessive concentrations of heavy metals are critically assessed. Promising directions in genetic manipulations, such as gene silencing and cis- and intragenesis, are also discussed. Moreover, the ways of overcoming disadvantages of phytoremediation using genetic transformation approachare proposed. The knowledge gathered here could be useful for designing new research aimed at biotechnological improvement of phytoremediation efficiency.

中文翻译：

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通过植物遗传转化提高金属耐受性和植物修复潜力的最新策略。

避免和减少土壤对重金属的污染是全球最严重的挑战之一。如今，科学为我们提供了利用植物通过植物修复从土壤中提取有毒元素的新机会。通过基因工程，植物吸收，转运和转化重金属的能力以及限制其毒性的能力可能会大大增强。本文对旨在通过使用植物转化并利用目前在核和细胞质基因组转化中取得的成就来提高植物修复潜力的最新策略进行了全面综述。严格评估了获得适合于有效土壤清洁并耐受过量重金属的植物的策略。基因操作的有前途的指导，顺式和内发生，也进行了讨论。此外，提出了利用遗传转化方法克服植物修复的缺点的方法。此处收集的知识对于设计旨在提高植物修复效率的生物技术的新研究可能有用。