Individuals that arrive earlier on the breeding grounds may obtain many advantages but they also have to spend time waiting for a mate. I studied the waiting times of male red-breasted flycatchers Ficedula parva, a small, migratory, sexually dichromatic passerine bird species under natural conditions (Białowieża National Park, Poland) in relation to year, arrival time, age of male and morphological parameters. The length of waiting time was dependent on males’ arrival time. The males which arrived later waited a shorter time for females than earlier arrivals. In some years older males spent more time waiting for mates than younger males, but in other years they waited for shorter times. A significant interaction between age of male and year was also observed. Despite the significantly earlier arrival of older males, the waiting time was not related to male age. The waiting time was also not related to body biometric parameters of the male. Despite waiting longer, early male red-breasted flycatchers have an advantage over later arrivals given this greater chance of mating.

中文翻译：

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早到的雄性等待配偶的时间比晚到的要长：候鸟的一夫一妻制雀类鸟类的案例

较早到达繁殖地的个体可能会获得许多优势，但他们也必须花时间等待配偶。我研究了雄性红胸鹟Ficedula parva 的等待时间，这是一种在自然条件下（Białowieża 国家公园，波兰）的小型迁徙性双色雀形目鸟类，与年份、到达时间、雄性年龄和形态参数有关。等待时间的长短取决于男性的到达时间。较晚到达的雄性等待雌性的时间比较早到达的时间短。在某些年份，年长的雄性比年轻的雄性花更多的时间等待配偶，但在其他年份，它们等待的时间更短。还观察到男性年龄和年份之间的显着相互作用。尽管年长的雄性明显更早到来，等候时间与男性年龄无关。等待时间也与男性的身体生物特征参数无关。尽管等待的时间更长，但由于有更大的交配机会，早期的雄性红胸鹟比晚来的捕蝇器具有优势。