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The distinct properties of natural and GM cry insecticidal proteins.
Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews ( IF 3.2 ) Pub Date : 2017-09-13 , DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2017.1357295
Jonathan R Latham 1 , Madeleine Love 2 , Angelika Hilbeck 3
Affiliation  

The Cry toxins are a family of crystal-forming proteins produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. Their mode of action is thought to be to create pores that disrupt the gut epithelial membranes of juvenile insects. These pores allow pathogen entry into the hemocoel, thereby killing the insect. Genes encoding a spectrum of Cry toxins, including Cry mutants, Cry chimaeras and other Cry derivatives, are used commercially to enhance insect resistance in genetically modified (GM) crops. In most countries of the world, such GM crops are regulated and must be assessed for human and environmental safety. However, such risk assessments often do not test the GM crop or its tissues directly. Instead, assessments rely primarily on historical information from naturally occurring Cry proteins and on data collected on Cry proteins (called ‘surrogates’) purified from laboratory strains of bacteria engineered to express Cry protein. However, neither surrogates nor naturally occurring Cry proteins are identical to the proteins to which humans or other nontarget organisms are exposed by the production and consumption of GM plants. To-date there has been no systematic survey of these differences. This review fills this knowledge gap with respect to the most commonly grown GM Cry-containing crops approved for international use. Having described the specific differences between natural, surrogate and GM Cry proteins this review assesses these differences for their potential to undermine the reliability of risk assessments. Lastly, we make specific recommendations for improving risk assessments.



中文翻译:

天然和转基因杀虫蛋白的独特特性。

Cry毒素是苏云金芽胞杆菌细菌产生的晶体形成蛋白家族。它们的作用方式被认为是产生破坏幼虫肠道上皮膜的孔。这些孔使病原体进入血细胞微孔,从而杀死了昆虫。商业上使用编码一系列Cry毒素的基因(包括Cry突变体,Cry chimaeras和其他Cry衍生物)来增强转基因(GM)作物的昆虫抗性。在世界上大多数国家,此类转基因作物受到管制,必须进行人类和环境安全评估。但是,此类风险评估通常不会直接测试转基因作物或其组织。取而代之的是,评估主要依靠天然Cry蛋白的历史信息以及从为表达Cry蛋白而设计的实验室细菌菌株中纯化的Cry蛋白(称为“替代物”)收集的数据。然而,替代物或天然存在的Cry蛋白都不与人类或其他非靶标生物因生产和食用转基因植物所暴露的蛋白相同。迄今为止,还没有系统地调查这些差异。这篇评论填补了有关获准国际使用的最常见的含有转基因Cry的农作物的知识空白。描述了天然,替代和GM Cry蛋白之间的特定差异后,本综述评估了这些差异可能破坏风险评估的可靠性。最后,我们提出具体建议以改善风险评估。迄今为止,还没有系统地调查这些差异。这篇评论填补了有关获准国际使用的最常见的含有转基因Cry的农作物的知识空白。在描述了天然,替代和GM Cry蛋白之间的特定差异后,本综述评估了这些差异可能破坏风险评估的可靠性。最后,我们提出具体建议以改善风险评估。迄今为止,还没有系统地调查这些差异。这篇评论填补了有关获准国际使用的最常见的含有转基因Cry的农作物的知识空白。在描述了天然,替代和GM Cry蛋白之间的特定差异后,本综述评估了这些差异可能破坏风险评估的可靠性。最后,我们提出具体建议以改善风险评估。

更新日期:2017-09-13
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