Environmental change can be viewed as the combined result of long-term processes and singular events. While long-term trends appear to be readily available for observation (in the form of temporal comparisons or space-for-time substitution), it is more difficult to gain information on singular events in the past, although these can be equally significant in shaping ecosystems. We examined the past 700 years in the history of a lowland wetland landscape in the Czech Republic with the help of palaeoecological, ecological, landscape archaeological, and archival data. Macrofossil and pollen data were compared to known drainage works in the area and historical climatological data. Trends and events in habitat conditions were assessed using species indicator values. Results showed that ecological succession was the general process in the study area, detected as a trend towards eutrophication, desiccation, and vegetation closure. Short-term events influenced development at the sites mainly from the second half of the nineteenth century. This is consistent with drainage history, although bias related to sample frequency cannot be excluded. On the whole, long-term trends and discrete events were complementary on different scales. We conclude that humans facilitated and accelerated background processes, which can be most likely associated with the succession of open wetlands towards terrestrial ecosystems.

中文翻译：

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七个世纪的趋势和事件：捷克共和国湿地景观的历史。

环境变化可以看作是长期过程和单一事件的综合结果。虽然长期趋势似乎很容易观察（以时间比较或空间换时间的形式），但更难获得过去单一事件的信息，尽管这些在塑造方面同样重要生态系统。我们借助古生态学、生态学、景观考古学和档案数据研究了捷克共和国过去 700 年低地湿地景观的历史。将大化石和花粉数据与该地区已知的排水工程和历史气候数据进行了比较。使用物种指标值评估栖息地条件的趋势和事件。结果表明，生态演替是研究区的一般过程，被检测为富营养化、干燥和植被关闭的趋势。短期事件主要从 19 世纪下半叶开始影响遗址的发展。这与引流历史一致，尽管不能排除与采样频率相关的偏差。总体而言，长期趋势和离散事件在不同尺度上是相辅相成的。我们得出结论，人类促进和加速了背景过程，这很可能与开放湿地向陆地生态系统的演替有关。总体而言，长期趋势和离散事件在不同尺度上是相辅相成的。我们得出结论，人类促进和加速了背景过程，这很可能与开放湿地向陆地生态系统的演替有关。总体而言，长期趋势和离散事件在不同尺度上是相辅相成的。我们得出结论，人类促进和加速了背景过程，这很可能与开放湿地向陆地生态系统的演替有关。