In this review we examine the use of secretion systems by bacteria to subvert host functions. Bacteria have evolved multiple systems to interact with and overcome their eukaryotic host and other prokaryotes. Secretion systems are required for the release of several effectors through the bacterial membrane(s) into the extracellular space or directly into the cytoplasm of the host. We review the secretion systems of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and describe briefly the structural composition of the seven secretion systems that have been associated with increased virulence through subversion of host functions. Some of the effects of such systems on eukaryotic host processes have been studied extensively. We also describe the best-characterized effectors of each secretion system to give an overview of the molecular mechanisms employed by bacteria to hide from the immune system and convert eukaryotic cells into optimal ecological niches for their replication.

中文翻译：

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细菌用来破坏宿主功能的分泌系统。

在这篇综述中，我们研究了细菌使用分泌系统来破坏宿主功能。细菌已经进化出多个系统来与真核宿主和其他原核生物相互作用并克服它们。需要分泌系统来通过细菌膜将几种效应物释放到细胞外空间或直接释放到宿主的细胞质中。我们回顾了革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌的分泌系统，并简要描述了七种分泌系统的结构组成，这些系统与通过破坏宿主功能增加毒力有关。这些系统对真核宿主过程的一些影响已被广泛研究。