Ecdysteroids are secondary metabolites, widely distributed in the animal and plant kingdoms. They have a wide range of pharmacological effects in vertebrates, including mammals, most of which are beneficial for humans. Therefore, they have become compounds of interest for the pharmaceutical industry due to their adaptogenic, anabolic, hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolaemic and antimicrobial activities, which are still being researched. Nowadays, ecdysteroids are present as active ingredients in bodybuilding supplements. Because of their complex structures, their chemical synthesis seems unprofitable and impractical. Due to high content of ecdysteroids in many plants, they are primarily obtained by extraction of the plant material. Plant in vitro cultures provide an alternative source of these compounds, helping to avoid problems associated with field production-such as variable yield or dependence on environmental factors, as well as limited availability of natural resources. Plant cell and tissue cultures may be suggested as alternatives for the production of plant biomass rich in pharmaceutically active ecdysteroids. Moreover, the use of common biotechnological strategies, such as elicitation or precursor feeding, may further increase the yield and improve production of these compounds. In this paper, we describe general information about ecdysteroids: their structure, biosynthesis, distribution, role in plants, and we review recent studies on micropropagation of ecdysteroid-producing plants and cell cultures, and potential ability of ecdysteroids enhancement in in vitro cultures.

中文翻译：

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蜕皮类固醇：在植物体外培养中产生。

蜕皮类固醇是次生代谢产物，广泛分布于动植物界。它们在包括哺乳动物在内的脊椎动物中具有广泛的药理作用，其中大多数对人类有益。因此，由于它们的适应原性，合成代谢，降血糖，降胆固醇和抗菌活性，它们已成为制药行业的关注化合物，目前仍在研究中。如今，蜕皮类固醇作为健美补品中的有效成分存在。由于其复杂的结构，其化学合成似乎无利可图且不切实际。由于许多植物中蜕皮甾类的含量很高，它们主要是通过提取植物材料而获得的。植物体外培养提供了这些化合物的替代来源，帮助避免与田间生产相关的问题，例如产量可变或对环境因素的依赖以及自然资源的有限供应。可以建议使用植物细胞和组织培养物作为生产富含药物活性蜕皮类固醇的植物生物质的替代方法。而且，使用常见的生物技术策略，例如诱导或前体进料，可以进一步提高产量并改善这些化合物的产量。在本文中，我们描述了蜕皮甾体的一般信息：它们的结构，生物合成，分布，在植物中的作用，并且我们综述了有关蜕皮甾体产生植物和细胞培养物微繁殖的最新研究，以及蜕皮甾体在体外培养中增强潜在能力。