The Brazilian Amazon in the past decades has been suffering severe landscape alteration, mainly due to anthropogenic activities, such as road building and land clearing for agriculture. Using a high-resolution time series of land cover maps (classified as mature forest, non-forest, secondary forest) spanning from 1984 through 2011, and four uncorrelated fragmentation metrics (edge density, clumpiness index, area-weighted mean patch size and shape index), we examined the temporal and spatial dynamics of forest fragmentation in three study areas across the Brazilian Amazon (Manaus, Santarém and Machadinho d’Oeste), inside and outside conservation units. Moreover, we compared the impacts on the landscape of: (1) different land uses (e.g. cattle ranching, crop production), (2) occupation processes (spontaneous vs. planned settlements) and (3) implementation of conservation units. By 2010/2011, municipalities located along the Arc of Deforestation had more than 55% of the remaining mature forest strictly confined to conservation units. Further, the planned settlement showed a higher rate of forest loss, a more persistent increase in deforested areas and a higher relative incidence of deforestation inside conservation units. Distinct agricultural activities did not lead to significantly different landscape structures; the accessibility of the municipality showed greater influence in the degree of degradation of the landscapes. Even with a high proportion of the landscapes covered by conservation units, which showed a strong inhibitory effect on forest fragmentation, we show that dynamic agriculturally driven economic activities, in municipalities with extensive road development, led to more regularly shaped, heavily fragmented landscapes, with higher densities of forest edge.

中文翻译：

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巴西亚马逊地区景观破碎化的时空维度。

在过去的几十年里，巴西亚马逊地区的景观发生了严重的变化，这主要是由于人为活动造成的，例如道路建设和农业土地清理。使用从 1984 年到 2011 年的高分辨率土地覆盖图时间序列（分类为成熟森林、非森林、次生林）和四个不相关的碎片指标（边缘密度、丛集指数、面积加权平均斑块大小和形状）指数），我们研究了巴西亚马逊地区（玛瑙斯、圣塔伦和 Machadinho d'Oeste）三个研究区域内和外部保护单位的森林破碎化的时空动态。此外，我们比较了以下因素对景观的影响：(1) 不同的土地用途（例如养牛场、作物生产），（2）占用过程（自发的与非自然的）。计划的定居点）和（3）保护单位的实施。到 2010/2011 年，森林砍伐弧沿线的市政当局将超过 55% 的剩余成熟森林严格限制在保护单位内。此外，计划中的定居点显示出更高的森林损失率、更持久的森林砍伐面积增加以及保护单位内森林砍伐的相对发生率更高。不同的农业活动不会导致显着不同的景观结构；市政当局的可达性对景观退化程度的影响更大。即使有很大比例的景观被保护单位覆盖，这对森林破碎化表现出强烈的抑制作用，我们表明动态农业驱动的经济活动，