Extracellular vesicles (EVs) not only eliminate unwanted molecular components, but also carry molecular cargo essential for specific intercellular communication mechanisms. As the molecular characteristics and biogenetical mechanisms of heterogeneous EVs are different, many studies have attempted to purify and characterize EVs. In particular, exosomal molecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, have been suggested as disease biomarkers or therapeutic targets in various diseases. However, several unresolved issues and challenges remain despite these promising results, including source variability before the isolation of exosomes from body fluids, the contamination of proteins during isolation, and methodological issues related to the purification of exosomes. This paper reviews the general characteristics of EVs, particularly microvesicles and exosomes, along with their physiological roles and contribution to the pathogenesis of major diseases, several widely used methods to isolate exosomes, and challenges in the development of disease biomarkers using the molecular contents of EVs isolated from body fluids.

中文翻译：

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细胞外囊泡作为泌尿学生物标志物的来源：从重大疾病的临床应用进展和挑战中学到的经验教训。

细胞外囊泡（EV）不仅消除了不需要的分子成分，而且还携带了特定细胞间通讯机制必不可少的分子货物。由于异构电动汽车的分子特征和生物遗传机制不同，因此许多研究已尝试纯化和表征电动汽车。特别地，已提出包括蛋白质，脂质和核酸的外泌体分子作为各种疾病中的疾病生物标记或治疗靶标。然而，尽管取得了这些令人鼓舞的结果，但仍存在一些未解决的问题和挑战，包括从体液中分离外泌体之前的来源可变性，分离过程中蛋白质的污染以及与外泌体纯化有关的方法学问题。本文回顾了电动汽车的一般特征，