For several billion years, bacteria have developed mechanisms to resist antibacterial substances. In modern time, antibiotics are frequently used in veterinary and human medicine for prevention and treatment of diseases, globally still also for their growth promoting effects as feed additives. This complex situation has evolved in accelerating development and prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria in livestock and people. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria are resistant to a wide range of ß-lactam antibiotics. They are currently considered as one of the main threats for the treatment of infections in humans and animals. In livestock and animal products, poultry and poultry products show the highest prevalence of ESBL-producers with CTX-M-1, TEM-52 and SHV-12 being the most common ESBL-types in poultry. Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. are the bacteria in poultry, which carry ESBL-genes most frequently. ESBL-producing bacteria are present at every level of the poultry production pyramid and can be detected even in the meconium of newly hatched chicks. The environment close to poultry barns shows high prevalence rates of these bacteria and contributes to an ongoing infection pressure with further ESBL-types. Probiotics have been shown to successfully reduce ESBL-producers in chicken, as well as ESBL-gene transfer. Other feed additives, such as zinc and copper, increase the prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria when fed to animals. To our best knowledge, this is the first publication presenting a comparative overview of the prevalence of ESBL-types using data from different countries. To reduce the hazard for public health from poultry carrying high numbers of ESBL-producers, preventive measurements must include the surrounding environment and avoidance of antibiotic usage at all levels of the production pyramid. The first results, of the research on the impact of feed additives on the spread of ESBL-genes, indicate the diet as a further, possible magnitude of influence.

中文翻译：

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家禽中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肠杆菌科细菌的类型和流行情况

数十亿年来，细菌已经形成了抵抗抗菌物质的机制。在现代，抗生素在兽药和人药中被频繁用于疾病的预防和治疗，在全球范围内还因其作为饲料添加剂的促生长作用而被广泛使用。这种复杂的情况在加速牲畜和人体内多重耐药细菌的发展和流行方面有所发展。产生超广谱 β-内酰胺酶 (ESBL) 的细菌对多种 β-内酰胺类抗生素具有抗药性。它们目前被认为是治疗人类和动物感染的主要威胁之一。在畜禽产品中，家禽和家禽产品中 ESBL 生产者的流行率最高，其中 CTX-M-1、TEM-52 和 SHV-12 是家禽中最常见的 ESBL 类型。大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌spp. 是家禽中最常携带 ESBL 基因的细菌。产生 ESBL 的细菌存在于家禽生产金字塔的各个层面，甚至可以在新孵化小鸡的胎粪中检测到。靠近禽舍的环境显示出这些细菌的高流行率，并导致进一步的 ESBL 类型的持续感染压力。益生菌已被证明可以成功地减少鸡中 ESBL 的产生，以及 ESBL 基因的转移。其他饲料添加剂，如锌和铜，在喂给动物时会增加产 ESBL 细菌的流行率。据我们所知，这是第一份使用来自不同国家的数据对 ESBL 类型的流行情况进行比较概述的出版物。为了减少携带大量 ESBL 生产者的家禽对公众健康的危害，预防措施必须包括周围环境和在生产金字塔的各个层面避免使用抗生素。关于饲料添加剂对 ESBL 基因传播影响的研究的第一个结果表明，日粮可能会产生更大的影响。