In biological classification, a character is a property of a taxon that can distinguish it from other taxa. Characters are not independent, and the relations between characters can arise from structural constraints, developmental pathways or functional constraints. That has lead to famous controversies in the history of biology. In addition, a character as a tool of data analysis has some subjective aspects. In this contribution, I develop algebraic and geometric schemes to address these issues in a mathematical framework.

中文翻译：

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形态特征之间的关系和依赖性。

在生物分类中，角色是可以将其与其他分类单元区分开的分类单元的属性。角色不是独立的，角色之间的关系可能来自结构约束，发展途径或功能约束。这导致了生物学史上著名的争论。另外，字符作为数据分析的工具还具有一些主观方面。在这项贡献中，我开发了代数和几何方案，以在数学框架中解决这些问题。