BK polyomavirus (BKV) causes frequent infections during childhood and establishes persistent infections within renal tubular cells and the uroepithelium, with minimal clinical implications. However, reactivation of BKV in immunocompromised individuals following renal or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may cause serious complications, including BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVAN), ureteric stenosis, or hemorrhagic cystitis. Implementation of more potent immunosuppression and increased posttransplant surveillance has resulted in a higher incidence of BKVAN. Antiviral immunity plays a crucial role in controlling BKV replication, and our increasing knowledge about host-virus interactions has led to the development of improved diagnostic tools and clinical management strategies. Currently, there are no effective antiviral agents for BKV infection, and the mainstay of managing reactivation is reduction of immunosuppression. Development of immune-based therapies to combat BKV may provide new and exciting opportunities for the successful treatment of BKV-associated complications.

中文翻译：

---

BK多瘤病毒：临床方面，免疫调节和新兴疗法。

BK多瘤病毒（BKV）在儿童时期引起频繁感染，并在肾小管细胞和尿路上皮中建立持续感染，对临床的影响最小。但是，在肾或造血干细胞移植后免疫受损的个体中BKV的重新激活可能引起严重的并发症，包括BKV相关性肾病（BKVAN），输尿管狭窄或出血性膀胱炎。实施更有效的免疫抑制和增加移植后监测已导致更高的BKVAN发生率。抗病毒免疫在控制BKV复制中起着至关重要的作用，而我们对宿主病毒相互作用的了解不断增加，导致开发了改进的诊断工具和临床管理策略。目前，目前尚无有效的抗BKV感染的抗病毒药，而控制再激活的主要手段是减少免疫抑制。基于免疫的抗BKV疗法的开发可能为成功治疗BKV相关并发症提供新的令人兴奋的机会。