The transition from crawling to walking requires infants to relinquish their status as experienced, highly skilled crawlers in favor of being inexperienced, low‐skilled walkers. Yet infants willingly undergo this developmental transition, despite incurring costs of shaky steps, frequent falls, and inability to gauge affordances for action in their new upright posture. Why do infants persist with walking when crawling serves the purpose of independent mobility? In this article, we present an integrative analysis of the costs and benefits associated with crawling and walking that challenges prior assumptions, and reveals deficits of crawling and benefits of upright locomotion that were previously overlooked. Inquiry into multiple domains of development reveals that the benefits of persisting with walking outweigh the costs: Compared to crawlers, walking infants cover more space more quickly, experience richer visual input, access and play more with distant objects, and interact in qualitatively new ways with caregivers.

中文翻译：

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发展的成本和收益：从爬行到步行的过渡。

从爬行到步行的转变要求婴儿放弃其经验丰富，技术熟练的爬行者的地位，而转而成为经验不足，技能低下的步行者。尽管婴儿承担摇摇欲坠，经常摔倒以及无法以新的直立姿势衡量行动能力的代价，但婴儿还是愿意经历这种发育过渡。为什么婴儿爬行时坚持独立行走的目的会坚持行走？在本文中，我们对与爬行和行走相关的成本和收益进行了综合分析，这对先前的假设提出了挑战，并揭示了先前被忽视的爬行缺陷和直立运动的收益。对多个开发领域的研究表明，坚持步行的好处远胜于成本：与抓取工具相比，