Ernst Mayr’s concept of dual causality in biology with the two forms of causes (proximate and ultimate) continues to provide an essential foundation for the philosophy of biology. They are equivalent to functional (=proximate) and evolutionary (=ultimate) causes with both required for full biological explanations. The natural sciences can be classified into nomological, historical nomological and historical dual causality, the last including only biology. Because evolutionary causality is unique to biology and must be included for all complete biological explanations, biology is autonomous from the physical sciences.

中文翻译：

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双重因果关系和生物学的自主性

Ernst Mayr 的生物学双重因果关系概念与两种形式的原因（近因和终极）继续为生物学哲学提供重要基础。它们等同于功能（=近似）和进化（=最终）原因，两者都需要完整的生物学解释。自然科学可以分为规则论、历史规则论和历史双重因果关系，后者仅包括生物学。由于进化因果关系是生物学所独有的，并且必须包含在所有完整的生物学解释中，因此生物学独立于物理科学。