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Clinical and Pathophysiological Overview of Acinetobacter Infections: a Century of Challenges.
Clinical Microbiology Reviews ( IF 36.8 ) Pub Date : 2016-12-16 , DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00058-16
Darren Wong 1 , Travis B Nielsen 2, 3 , Robert A Bonomo 4 , Paul Pantapalangkoor 3 , Brian Luna 2, 3 , Brad Spellberg 2, 3, 5
Affiliation  

Acinetobacter is a complex genus, and historically, there has been confusion about the existence of multiple species. The species commonly cause nosocomial infections, predominantly aspiration pneumonia and catheter-associated bacteremia, but can also cause soft tissue and urinary tract infections. Community-acquired infections by Acinetobacter spp. are increasingly reported. Transmission of Acinetobacter and subsequent disease is facilitated by the organism's environmental tenacity, resistance to desiccation, and evasion of host immunity. The virulence properties demonstrated by Acinetobacter spp. primarily stem from evasion of rapid clearance by the innate immune system, effectively enabling high bacterial density that triggers lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated sepsis. Capsular polysaccharide is a critical virulence factor that enables immune evasion, while LPS triggers septic shock. However, the primary driver of clinical outcome is antibiotic resistance. Administration of initially effective therapy is key to improving survival, reducing 30-day mortality threefold. Regrettably, due to the high frequency of this organism having an extreme drug resistance (XDR) phenotype, early initiation of effective therapy is a major clinical challenge. Given its high rate of antibiotic resistance and abysmal outcomes (up to 70% mortality rate from infections caused by XDR strains in some case series), new preventative and therapeutic options for Acinetobacter spp. are desperately needed.

中文翻译:

不动杆菌感染的临床和病理生理学概述:一个世纪的挑战。

不动杆菌属是一个复杂的属,从历史上看,关于多种物种的存在一直存在混淆。该物种通常引起医院感染,主要是吸入性肺炎和导管相关菌血症,但也可能引起软组织和尿路感染。不动杆菌属的社区获得性感染。越来越多的报道。生物体的环境韧性,抗干燥性和逃避宿主免疫力促进了不动杆菌的传播和随后的疾病。不动杆菌属所显示的毒力特性。主要是由于先天免疫系统逃避了快速清除的作用,有效地使细菌密度高,从而触发了脂多糖(LPS)-Toll样受体4(TLR4)介导的败血症。荚膜多糖是一种关键的致病因子,可以逃避免疫,而脂多糖则触发败血性休克。但是,临床结果的主要驱动力是抗生素耐药性。最初有效的治疗是提高生存率,将30天死亡率降低三倍的关键。令人遗憾的是,由于这种生物的高频率具有极端耐药性(XDR)表型,因此有效治疗的早日启动是主要的临床挑战。鉴于其高的抗生素耐药性率和糟糕的结果(在某些情况下,由XDR菌株引起的感染死亡率高达70%),这为不动杆菌属提供了新的预防和治疗选择。迫切需要。临床结果的主要驱动力是抗生素耐药性。最初有效的治疗是提高生存率,将30天死亡率降低三倍的关键。令人遗憾的是,由于这种生物的高频率具有极端耐药性(XDR)表型,因此有效治疗的早日启动是主要的临床挑战。鉴于其高的抗生素耐药性率和糟糕的结果(在某些情况下,由XDR菌株引起的感染死亡率高达70%),这为不动杆菌属提供了新的预防和治疗选择。迫切需要。临床结果的主要驱动力是抗生素耐药性。最初有效的治疗是提高生存率,将30天死亡率降低三倍的关键。令人遗憾的是,由于这种生物的高频率具有极端耐药性(XDR)表型,因此有效治疗的早期启动是主要的临床挑战。鉴于其高的抗生素耐药性率和糟糕的结果(在某些情况下,XDR菌株引起的感染死亡率高达70%),这为不动杆菌属提供了新的预防和治疗选择。迫切需要。尽早开始有效的治疗是主要的临床挑战。鉴于其高的抗生素耐药性率和糟糕的结果(在某些情况下,由XDR菌株引起的感染死亡率高达70%),这为不动杆菌属提供了新的预防和治疗选择。迫切需要。尽早开始有效的治疗是主要的临床挑战。鉴于其高的抗生素耐药性率和糟糕的结果(在某些情况下,由XDR菌株引起的感染死亡率高达70%),这为不动杆菌属提供了新的预防和治疗选择。迫切需要。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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