Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous group of tumours characterised by lack of expression of oestrogen-, progesterone- and human epidermal growth factor receptors. TNBC, which represents approximately 15% of all mammary tumours, has a poor prognosis because of an aggressive behaviour and the lack of specific treatment. Accordingly, TNBC has become a major focus of research into breast cancer and is now classified into several molecular subtypes, each with a different prognosis. Pathological angiogenesis occurs at a late stage in the proliferation of TNBC and is associated with invasion and metastasis; there is an association with metabolic syndrome. Semaphorins are a versatile family of proteins with multiple roles in angiogenesis, tumour growth and metastasis and may represent a clinically useful focus for therapeutic targeting in this type of breast cancer. Another important field of investigation into the control of pathological angiogenesis is related to the expression of noncoding RNA (ncRNA) – these molecules can be considered as a therapeutic target or as a biomarker. Several molecular agents for intervening in the activity of different signalling pathways are being explored in TNBC, but none has so far proved effective in clinical trials and the disease continues to pose a defining challenge for clinical management as well as innovative cancer research.

中文翻译：

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对三阴性乳腺癌、血管生成的新兴作用和抗血管生成治疗的新见解

三阴性乳腺癌 (TNBC) 是一组异质性肿瘤，其特征是缺乏雌激素、孕激素和人表皮生长因子受体的表达。TNBC 约占所有乳腺肿瘤的 15%，由于攻击性行为和缺乏特异性治疗，预后较差。因此，TNBC 已成为乳腺癌研究的主要焦点，现在被分为几种分子亚型，每种亚型都有不同的预后。病理性血管生成发生在TNBC增殖的晚期，与侵袭转移有关；与代谢综合征有关。信号素是一个多功能的蛋白质家族，在血管生成中具有多种作用，肿瘤生长和转移，并可能代表这种类型乳腺癌治疗靶向的临床有用焦点。控制病理性血管生成的另一个重要研究领域与非编码 RNA (ncRNA) 的表达有关——这些分子可被视为治疗靶点或生物标志物。TNBC 正在探索几种干预不同信号通路活性的分子药物，但迄今为止，没有一种药物在临床试验中被证明是有效的，这种疾病继续对临床管理和创新癌症研究构成决定性挑战。控制病理性血管生成的另一个重要研究领域与非编码 RNA (ncRNA) 的表达有关——这些分子可被视为治疗靶点或生物标志物。TNBC 正在探索几种干预不同信号通路活性的分子药物，但迄今为止，没有一种药物在临床试验中被证明是有效的，这种疾病继续对临床管理和创新癌症研究构成决定性挑战。控制病理性血管生成的另一个重要研究领域与非编码 RNA (ncRNA) 的表达有关——这些分子可被视为治疗靶点或生物标志物。TNBC 正在探索几种干预不同信号通路活性的分子药物，但迄今为止，没有一种药物在临床试验中被证明是有效的，这种疾病继续对临床管理和创新癌症研究构成决定性挑战。