Integrated pest management (IPM) is a method of reducing economic, human health, and environmental risks from pests and pest management strategies. There are questions about the long-term success of IPM programs in relation to continued use of pesticides in agriculture. Total pounds of pesticides applied is a mis-measure of the impact of IPM in agriculture. A more complete measurement of the long-term impact of IPM includes consideration of changes in agricultural production practices and productivity, toxicity of the pesticides used, risks from human exposure to pesticides, and environmental sampling for pesticides in air and water resources. In recent decades, agricultural IPM programs have evolved to address invasive pests, shifts in endemic pest pressures, reductions in pest damage tolerance in markets, and increases in crop yields. Additionally, pesticide use data from Arizona and California revealed reduced use of pesticides in some toxicity categories but increased use of pesticides in a couple of categories. Data from federal and California programs that monitored pesticide residue on food have documented low pesticide risk to consumers. Environmental monitoring programs documented decreased pesticide levels in surface water resources in agricultural watersheds in the western United States and low levels of pesticides in air resources in agricultural areas in California. The focus of IPM assessment should be on reducing economic, human health, and environmental risks, not on pounds of pesticides applied. More broadly, IPM programs have evolved to address changes in pests and agricultural production systems while continuing to reduce human health and environmental risk from pesticides.

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衡量加利福尼亚州和亚利桑那州的 IPM 影响

虫害综合治理 (IPM) 是一种减少虫害和虫害管理策略带来的经济、人类健康和环境风险的方法。与在农业中继续使用农药有关的 IPM 计划的长期成功存在问题。施用的杀虫剂总磅数是对 IPM 对农业影响的错误衡量。对 IPM 长期影响的更完整衡量包括考虑农业生产实践和生产力的变化、所用杀虫剂的毒性、人类接触杀虫剂的风险以及空气和水资源中杀虫剂的环境采样。近几十年来，农业 IPM 计划已经演变为解决入侵性害虫、地方性害虫压力的变化、市场上害虫损害耐受性的降低以及作物产量的增加。此外，来自亚利桑那州和加利福尼亚州的农药使用数据显示，某些毒性类别的农药使用量减少，但有几个类别的农药使用量增加。联邦和加利福尼亚州监测食品农药残留的项目数据表明，农药对消费者的风险很低。环境监测计划记录了美国西部农业流域地表水资源中农药水平的降低，以及加利福尼亚农业区空气资源中农药的低水平。IPM 评估的重点应该是减少经济、人类健康和环境风险，而不是施用的农药磅数。更广泛地，