Environmental health science aims to link environmental pollution sources to adverse health outcomes to develop effective exposure intervention strategies that reduce long-term disease risks. Over the past few decades, the public health community recognized that health risk is driven by interaction between the human genome and external environment. Now that the human genetic code has been sequenced, establishing this "G × E" (gene-environment) interaction requires a similar effort to decode the human exposome, which is the accumulation of an individual's environmental exposures and metabolic responses throughout the person's lifetime. The exposome is composed of endogenous and exogenous chemicals, many of which are measurable as biomarkers in blood, breath, and urine. Exposure to pollutants is assessed by analyzing biofluids for the pollutant itself or its metabolic products. New methods are being developed to use a subset of biomarkers, termed bioindicators, to demonstrate biological changes indicative of future adverse health effects. Typically, environmental biomarkers are assessed using noninvasive (excreted) media, such as breath and urine. Blood is often avoided for biomonitoring due to practical reasons such as medical personnel, infectious waste, or clinical setting, despite the fact that blood represents the central compartment that interacts with every living cell and is the most relevant biofluid for certain applications and analyses. The aims of this study were to (1) review the current use of blood samples in environmental health research, (2) briefly contrast blood with other biological media, and (3) propose additional applications for blood analysis in human exposure research.

中文翻译：

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血液传播的生物标志物和生物指示剂，用于将暴露与环境健康科学中的健康影响联系起来。

环境健康科学旨在将环境污染源与不良健康后果联系起来，以制定有效的接触干预策略，以减少长期疾病风险。在过去的几十年中，公共卫生界认识到健康风险是由人类基因组和外部环境之间的相互作用所驱动的。现在已经对人类遗传密码进行了排序，建立这种“ G×E”（基因-环境）相互作用需要类似的努力来解码人类暴露小体，这是一个人一生中环境暴露和代谢反应的积累。该暴露小体由内源性和外源性化学物质组成，其中许多可作为血液，呼吸和尿液中的生物标记物进行测量。通过分析生物流体中的污染物本身或其代谢产物来评估污染物的暴露程度。正在开发新的方法来使用称为生物指示剂的生物标志物的子集，以证明指示未来不良健康影响的生物学变化。通常，使用非侵入性（排泄）介质（例如呼吸和尿液）评估环境生物标志物。尽管由于血液代表与每个活细胞相互作用的中央部分，并且是某些应用和分析中最相关的生物流体，但由于诸如医疗人员，传染性废物或临床环境等实际原因，通常还是避免使用血液进行生物监测。这项研究的目的是（1）回顾血液样本在环境健康研究中的当前使用；（2）简要对比血液与其他生物介质，