In this paper we document Fagaceae pollen from the Eocene of western Greenland. The pollen record suggests a remarkable diversity of the family in the early Cenozoic of Greenland. Extinct Fagaceae pollen types include Eotrigonobalanus, which extends at least back to the Paleocene, and two ancestral pollen types with affinities to the Eurasian Quercus Group Ilex and the western North American Quercus Group Protobalanus. In addition, modern lineages of Fagaceae are unambiguously represented by pollen of Fagus, Quercus Group Lobatae/Quercus, and three Castaneoideae pollen types. These findings corroborate earlier findings from Axel Heiberg Island that Fagaceae were a dominant element at high latitudes during the early Cenozoic. Comparison with coeval or older mid-latitude records of modern lineages of Fagaceae shows that modern lineages found in western Greenland and Axel Heiberg likely originated at lower latitudes. Further examples comprise (possibly) Acer, Aesculus, Alnus, Ulmus, and others. Thus, before fossils belonging to modern northern temperate lineages will have been recovered from older (early Eocene, Paleocene) strata from high latitudes, Engler’s hypothesis of an Arctic origin of the modern temperate woody flora of Eurasia, termed ‘Arcto-Tertiary Element’, and later modification by R. W. Chaney and H. D. Mai (‘Arcto-Tertiary Geoflora’) needs to be modified.

中文翻译：

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来自西格陵兰岛新生代早期的镰刀科花粉：重新审视 Engler 和 Chaney 的 Arcto-Tertiary 假设

在本文中，我们记录了格陵兰西部始新世的镰刀科花粉。花粉记录表明格陵兰岛新生代早期的家庭具有显着的多样性。已灭绝的山豆科花粉类型包括至少可以追溯到古新世的 Eotrigonobalanus，以及与欧亚栎属组冬青和北美西部栎属组 Protobalanus 有亲缘关系的两种祖先花粉类型。此外，Fagus、Quercus Group Lobatae/Quercus 和三种 Castaneoideae 花粉类型明确地代表了现代的 Fagaceae 谱系。这些发现证实了 Axel Heiberg 岛的早期发现，即在新生代早期，Fagaceae 是高纬度地区的主要元素。与同时代或更早的中纬度地区现代镰刀科谱系记录的比较表明，在格陵兰西部和 Axel Heiberg 发现的现代谱系可能起源于低纬度地区。其他示例包括（可能）Acer、Aesculus、Alnus、Ulmus 等。因此，在属于现代北温带谱系的化石将从高纬度地区的较旧（早始新世，古新世）地层中恢复之前，恩格勒关于欧亚大陆现代温带木本植物群的北极起源的假设，称为“北极-第三纪元素”， RW Chaney 和 HD Mai（'Arcto-Tertiary Geoflora'）的后期修改需要修改。