Individuals with chronic pain often report using cigarettes to cope, and smoking and chronic pain appear prevalent among US veterans. Pain may be a barrier to cigarette cessation and abstinence in this population. Because of physiological effects, smoking cigarettes may also interfere with pain management. A better understanding of how cigarette use relates to pain may assist in veteran cigarette cessation and pain management efforts. To assist these efforts, we searched the literature using keywords, such as "pain," "smoking," and "veteran," to identify 23 journal articles published from 1993 to 2013 that reported on studies examining pain and smoking variables among military or veteran populations. Studies found that veterans reported using cigarettes to cope with pain, there was greater occurrence of pain and disability among smokers in the military, and smoking increased the odds of veterans receiving an opioid prescription for pain and misusing opioids. Studies also found increased odds of pain and smoking among Veterans Health Administration patients with post-traumatic stress disorder when compared with those without post-traumatic stress disorder. Studies support an interaction between pain and smoking among veterans. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. Future studies focused on this interaction would benefit veteran populations.

中文翻译：

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吸烟与退伍军人之间的疼痛之间的关联。

患有慢性疼痛的人经常报告使用香烟来应对，吸烟和慢性疼痛在美国退伍军人中普遍存在。疼痛可能是该人群戒烟和戒烟的障碍。由于生理作用，吸烟也可能会干扰疼痛的治疗。更好地了解香烟使用与疼痛之间的关系可能有助于老手戒烟和疼痛管理工作。为了协助这些工作，我们使用“疼痛”，“吸烟”和“退伍军人”等关键字搜索了文献，以找出从1993年至2013年发表的23篇期刊文章，其中报道了研究军人或退伍军人的疼痛和吸烟变量的研究人口。研究发现，退伍军人报告使用香烟来缓解疼痛，军队中吸烟者出现疼痛和残疾的可能性更大，吸烟增加了退伍军人因疼痛和滥用阿片类药物而接受阿片类药物处方的几率。研究还发现，与没有创伤后应激障碍的人相比，患有创伤后应激障碍的退伍军人卫生管理局患者的疼痛和吸烟的可能性增加。研究支持退伍军人之间的疼痛与吸烟之间的相互作用。但是，这种关系的基础机制仍不清楚。未来针对这种相互作用的研究将使退伍军人受益。研究还发现，与没有创伤后应激障碍的人相比，患有创伤后应激障碍的退伍军人卫生管理局患者的疼痛和吸烟的可能性增加。研究支持退伍军人之间的疼痛与吸烟之间的相互作用。但是，这种关系的基础机制仍不清楚。未来针对这种相互作用的研究将使退伍军人受益。研究还发现，与没有创伤后应激障碍的人相比，患有创伤后应激障碍的退伍军人卫生管理局患者的疼痛和吸烟的可能性增加。研究支持退伍军人之间的疼痛与吸烟之间的相互作用。但是，这种关系的基础机制仍不清楚。未来针对这种相互作用的研究将使退伍军人受益。